244 M A N. 
ftrength of the mufcles of the legs, by which the body is 
fupp'orted in a vertical pofuion above them; the fecond 
confirts in the articulation of the head with the neck by 
the middle of its bafe. 
We (land upright, bend our body, and walk, without 
thinking on the power by which we are fupported in thefe 
feveral pofitions. This power refides chiefly in the muf¬ 
cles which conllitute the principal part of the calf of the 
leg. Their exertion is felt, and their motion is vifible ex¬ 
ternally, when we ftand upright and bend our body back¬ 
wards and forwards. This power is no lei's great when 
we walk even on a horizontal plane. In attending a 
height, the weight of the body is more fenfibly felt than 
in defcending. All thefe motions are natural to man. 
Other animals, on the contrary, when placed on their 
hind legs, are either incapable of performing them at all, 
or do it partially, with great difficulty, and for a very fliort 
time. The gibbon and the ourang-outang can Hand up¬ 
right with much lefs difficulty than other brutes ; but the 
rellraintthey are under in this attitude, plainly (hows that 
it is not natural to them. The reafon is, that the muf¬ 
cles in the back part of the leg in the gibbon, &c. are not, 
as in man, fufficiently large to form a calf, and confe- 
quently not fufficiently Itrong to fupport the thighs and 
body in a vertical line, and to preferve them in that pof- 
ture. See the article Simia. 
M. Daubenton has difcovered, that the attitudes proper 
to man and to other animals, are pointed out by the dif¬ 
ferent ways in which the head is articulated with the neck. 
The two points by which the ofleous part of the head is 
connected with the firft joint of the neck, and on which 
every movement of the head is made with the greateft fa¬ 
cility, are placed at the edge of the great hole of the oc¬ 
cipital bone, which in man is fituated near the centre of 
the bafe of the fkull, (affording a paffage for the medul¬ 
lary lubflance into the vertebral canal,) as upon a pivot 
or point of fupport. The face is on a vertical line, al- 
moft parallel to that of the body and neck. The jaws, 
which are very fhort when compared with thofe of inoft 
other animals, extend very little farther forwards than the 
forehead. No animal has, like man, its hind legs as long 
as the body, neck, and head, taken together, meafuring 
from the top of the head to the os pubis. 
In the frame of the human body the principal parts are 
nearly the fame with thofe of other animals; but in the 
connexion and form of the bones there is as great a dif¬ 
ference as in the attitudes proper to each. Were a man 
to afi'ume the natural pofture of the quadrupeds, and try 
to walk by the help of his hands and feet, he would find 
himfelf in a very unnatural fituation ; he could not move 
his feet and hands but with the greateft difficulty and 
pain ; and let him make what exertions he pleafed, he 
would find it impofiible to attain a Heady and continued 
pace. The principal obllacles he would meet with would 
arife from the ftrutture of the pelvis, the hands, the feet, 
and the head. 
The plane of the great occipital hole, which in man is 
almoft horizontal, puts the head in a kind of equilibrium 
upon the neck when we ftand ereft in our natural atti¬ 
tude; but, when we are in the attitude of quadrupeds, it 
prevents us from raffing our head fo as to look forwards, 
becaufe the movement of the head is (topped by the protu¬ 
berance of the occiput, which then approaches too near 
the vertebrae of the neck. 
In molt animals, the great hole of the occipital bone is 
fituated at the back part of the head ; the jaws are very 
long; the occiput has no protuberance beyond the aper¬ 
ture, the plane of which is in a vertical diredtion, or in¬ 
clined a little forwards or backwards; fo that the head is 
pendant, and joined to the neck by its pofterior part. 
This pofition of the head enables quadrupeds, though 
their bodies are in a horizontal direction, to prefent their 
muzzle forwards, and to rail’e it fo as to reach above them, 
or to touch the earth with the extremity of their jaws 
when they biing their neck and head down to their feet. 
In the altitude of quadrupeds, man could touch the earth 
only with the fore-part or the top of the head. 
To thefe differences of ftrufture, we may add, that, 
when man is (landing, his heel reds upon the earth as well 
as the other parts of his foot; when he walks, it is the frit 
part that touches the ground ; man can Hand on one foot; 
thefe are peculiarities in (trufiure and in the manner of 
moving which are not to be found in other animals. 
We may therefore conclude that man cannot be ranked 
in the clafs of quadrupeds. We rqay add, that in man 
the brain is much larger, and the jaws much (horter, than 
in any other animal. The brain, by its great extent, forms 
the protuberance of the occipital bone, the forehead, and 
all that part of the head which is above the ears. In the 
inferior animals, the brain is fo fmall, that molt of them 
have no occiput, and the front is either wanting or little 
raifed. In animals which have large foreheads, fuch as 
the horfe, the ox, the elephant, See. they are placed as low 
as the ears, and even lower. Thefe animals likewife wane 
the occiput, and the top of the head is of very fmall ex¬ 
tent. The jaws which form the greateft portion of the 
muzzle, are large in proportion to the fmallnels of the 
brain. The length of the muzzle varies in different ani¬ 
mals ; in foiipede animals it is very long ; it is fhort in 
the ourang-outang, and in man it does not exift at all : no 
beard grows on the muzzle; this part is wanting in every 
animal. 
Man then alone, of all the animals with which we are 
acquainted, can conltantly and uniformly fupport himfelf 
in the ereft pofture; and, whatever the ingenious and 
learned writer of Ancient Metaphyfics has advanced in 
favour of fo ftrange a hypothefis, we cannot believe that, 
even in his earlielt and rudeft ftate of civilization, man 
could ever have been a quadruped. We are aware that 
Kotzebue, in the entertaining work in which he relates 
his exile to Siberia, fpeaks of an idiot he law on his re¬ 
turn, that w'ent on all fours with as much eafe as if it 
were his natural attitude ; but we do not confider this An¬ 
gle inltance as affording a proof that luch would be the at¬ 
titude of man in a ftate of nature. 
The body of a well-(baped man ought to be fquare, the 
mufcles ought to be ltrongly marked, the contour of the 
members boldly delineated, and the features of the face 
well defined. In women, all the parts are more rounded 
and fofter, the features are more delicate, and the com¬ 
plexion brighter. To man belong ftrength and majetty : 
gracefulnefs and beauty are the portions of the other fex. 
The ftruCture effential to each will be found in the de- 
feription of the human (keleton, under the article Ana¬ 
tomy. 
Every thing in both fexes points them out as the fove- 
reigns of the earth ; even the external appearance of man 
declares his fuperiority to other creatures. His body is 
erefl; his attitude is that of command ; his auguft coun¬ 
tenance, which is turned towards heaven, bears the im- 
preffions of his dignity. The image of his foul is painted 
in his face; the excellence of hia nature pierces through 
the material organs, and gives a fire and animation to the 
features of bis countenance. His majeftic deportment, 
his firm and emboldened gait, announce the noblenefs of 
his rank. He touches the earth only with his extremity; 
he views it only at a diftance, and ieems to defpife it. It 
has been juftly oblerved, that the countenance of man is 
the mirror of his mind. In the looks of no animal are the 
expreffions of paffions painted with fuch energy and rapi¬ 
dity, and with fuch gentle gradations and (hades, as in 
thofe of man. We know, that, in certain emotions of the 
mind, the blood rifes to the face, and produces blufhing; 
and that in others the countenance turns pale. Theie two 
fymptoms, the appearance of which depends on the ftruc- 
ture and the tranfparency of the reticulum, efpecially re-d- 
nefs, conllitute a peculiar beauty. In our climates, the 
natural colour of the face of a man in good health is white, 
with a lively red fuffufed upon the cheeks. Paleuels of 
the countenance is always a fufpicious (ymptom. That 
colour 
