24(1 M A N, 
gulfhed into five principal varieties, the diftinftive cha- 
rafters of which are deeply damped, and appear to refill 
even the powerful influence of climate. In fact, we fee, 
under the fame parallel of latitude, and in the fame coun¬ 
try, exifting together for a number of ages, the dark Hun¬ 
garian or gypfy, and the faireft people of Europe; the cop¬ 
per-coloured Peruvian, the brown Malay, and the almolt- 
white Abylfinian, in the fame zone that is inhabited by 
the blacked people in the univerfe. The inhabitants of 
Van Diemen’s Land are black, while the European of the 
fame degree of north latitude are white; and the inhabi¬ 
tants of the Malabar coaft, though placed beneath a Iky 
much hotter than the inhabitants of Siberia, are not 
browner than thefe latter. The Dutch w ho colonized the 
Cape of Good Hope, have not, during two centuries, ac¬ 
quired the fame colour with the Hottentots who people 
that country; and the Parli remain white in the midlt of 
the olive-coloured Hindoos. 
The colouring matter feated in the mucous membrane 
below the Ikin, is not the only diftin&ive character that 
marks the varieties of the human fpecies, as in each of 
them there is a peculiar form, dilfinguilhed by general and 
conftant marks, depending on the conformation of the 
bones. The nuizzie of the Negro, the very prominent 
cheek-hones of the Calmtic, the flattened fkull and nofe 
of the Caribbee Indian, the oblique eyes of the Japanefe 
and Chinefe, do not appear owing to art, like the length¬ 
ened ears or the tattooed Ikin of the natives of the South- 
Sea iflands. The fair or red colour of the hair in Euro¬ 
peans, the blue or grey eyes of the north, are feldom feen, 
except in a few morbid cafes, in any other varieties. The 
hair of all the reft is very black, even from infancy ; fleek 
and thick in all the Mongul nations, the Malays, and the 
Americans, both of the fouth and north ; but woolly in 
Negroes and Hottentots; the beard, which is late and 
thin in all the Monguls, exifts naturally throughout the 
American tribes, though, as among molt other favage peo¬ 
ple, all the Caribs eradicate it fiom their youth, which 
has induced a fuppofition that all thefe favage people are 
naturally beardlefs. 
Mankind, with refpeft to their varieties, have been very 
differently divided by naturalilfs.—In the Syftema Naturte 
of Linnaeus, Man (Homo) is ranked as a diltinft genus of 
the order Primates, or “ Chiefs,” belonging to the Mamma, 
lia clafs of animals, or thofe which nourifh their young 
by means of lactiferous teats or paps. Of this genus he 
is the only fpecies ; and denominated Sapiens, as being en¬ 
dowed with wifdom far fuperior to, or rather in exclufion 
of, all other animals.— He varies, from climate, education, 
and habits ; and the following varieties, are enumerated 
by Linnaeus. 
i. Wild. Men, who walk on all-fours, are dumb, and co¬ 
vered with hair. But Mr. Kerr obferves, that the inflances 
given of wild men, and their fimilitudes, are partly to 
be attributed to impofture, and partly to exaggeration. 
Molt probably idiots w ho had ltrayed from their friends, 
and who refembled the above animals only in imitating 
their voices. 
z. Americans-, of copper-coloured complexion, choleric 
conliitution, and remarkably ereCt. Their hair is black, 
lank, and coarfe ; noltrils wide; features harih, and the 
chin fcantily fupplied with beard. Obftinate in their 
tempers ; free, and fatisfied with their condition ; and re¬ 
gulated in all their proceedings by traditional cultoms. 
Paint their Ikin with red ltreaks. 
3. Europeans-, of fair complexion, fanguine tempera¬ 
ment, and brawny form. Hair Bowing, and of various 
(hades ot brown ; eyes molily blue. Of gentle manners, 
acute in judgment, of quick invention, and governed by 
fixed laws. Drefs in clofe veffments. 
4. Afiatic ; of looty complexion, melancholic tempera¬ 
ment, and rigid fibre. Hair Itrong, black, and lank ; eyes 
dark brown. Of grave, haughty, and covetous, manners. 
Governed by opinions. Drefs in loofe garments. 
5. AJricans ; of black complexion, phlegmatic tempera¬ 
ment, and relaxed fibre. Hair black and frizly ; Ikin fcft 
and filky ; nofe flat; lips thick ; and the female has a na- 
ral apron, [this circumftance is rather doubtful,] and long- 
lax breads. Of crafty, indolent, and carelefs, difpofitions ; 
and governed in their aftions by caprice. Anoint the 
fkin with greafe. 
6. Monjlers ; of thefe there are feveral varieties; the 
firft and fecond of which, in the following lilt, are occa- 
fioned by peculiarity of climate, while the reft are pro¬ 
duced by artificial management. 1. Alpini, the inhabitants 
of the northern mountains; thefe are fmali in ftature, ac¬ 
tive, and timid in their difpofitions. 2. Patagonici, the 
Patagonians of South America; of vaft fize, and indolent 
in their manners. 3. Monorchides, the Hottentots; hav¬ 
ing one tefticle extirpated. 4. Imberbes, molt of the Ame¬ 
rican nations; who eradicate their beards, and the hair 
from every part of the body except the fcaip. 5. Macro - 
cephali, the Chinefe ; who have their heads artificially 
forced into a conical form. 6. Plagiocephali, the Canadian 
Indians; who have the fore part of their heads flattened, 
when young, by compreftion. 
The following arrangement of.the varieties in the hu¬ 
man fpecies is offered by Dr. Gmelin as more convenient 
than that of Linnaeus. 
1. White, H. a/bus: formed by the rules of fymme* 
trical elegance and beauty; or, at lealt, what we confider 
as fuch. This divifion includes almolt all the inhabitants 
of Europe ; thofe of Afia on this fide of the Oby, the 
Cafpian, Mount Imaus, and the Ganges ; likewife the na¬ 
tives of the north of Africa, of Greenland, and the Ef- 
quimatix. 
2. Brown, H.badius: of a yellowifh brown colour; has 
fcanty hairs, flat features, and fmali eyes. This variety 
takes in the whole inhabitants of Afia not included in 
the preceding divifion. 
3. Black, H. niger s of black complexion; has frizly 
hair, a flat nofe, and thick lips. The whole inhabitants 
of Africa, excepting thofe of its more northern parts. 
4. Copper-coloured, H.cupreus: the complexion of the 
fkin refembles the colour of copper not burnilhed. The 
whole inhabitants of America, except the Greenlanders 
and Efquimaux. 
5. Tawny, H.fufcus: chiefly of a dark blackifh brown 
colour, having a bioad nofe, and harih coarfe ftraight hair. 
The inhabitants of the fouthern iflands 5 and of moll of 
the Indian iflands. 
Virey, the difciple of Buffon, diftributes man into five 
varieties : 1. The Celtic race, containing molt of the Eu¬ 
ropeans. 2. The Mongul of Lapland. 3. Malay. 4. 
The Negro and Hottentot. 5. The Carib. For his de- 
feription of thefe varieties, with portraits illuftrating them, 
fee his Hiftoire Naturelle du Genre Humain, tom.i°p. 129. 
The divifion given by Cuvier, in his Tableau Elemen- 
taire de l’Hiftoire Naturelle des Animaux, has been much 
praifed ; and, as it is very concife, we fliall here offer a 
tranflation of it. 
1. The White Race. With oval vifage, long hair, 
pointed nofe ; to which belong the polilhed natives of Eu¬ 
rope. This appears to us the molt comely of all the varie¬ 
ties, and is alio far fuperior to the reft in ftrength of gee 
nius, in courage, and activity. The Tartars, properly fo 
called, from whom the Turks are defeended ; the Circaf- 
fians, and other people about Mount Caucafus, who are 
the faireft of the human race; the Perfians, the native in¬ 
habitants of Hindooltan, the Arabians, the Moors who in¬ 
habit the north of Africa, and the Abyflinians, who ap¬ 
pear, as well as the Jews, to be derived from the Arabians, 
belong to the fame race with the Europeans. Thefe na¬ 
tions are larger and fairer in the north ; their hair is 
fair, their eyes blue ; whereas in the fouth they are dark, 
and often very brown, and their hair and .eyes are black. 
There are intermixtures of thefe colours in the more tem¬ 
perate regions. 
2. The Lapland Race. All the north of the two con¬ 
tinents is peopled with men that are very dark, with flat 
viSfc’G 
