M 
vifage, black hair and eyes; With a body thick and ex¬ 
tremely ftiort. To this belong the Laplanders in Eu¬ 
rope, the Satnoiedes, Oltiacs, Tfchutlki in Afia; the 
Greenlanders and Efquimaux in America. The inha¬ 
bitants of Finland refemble thefe almoft in every circum- 
ftance, except that their height equals that of the Euro¬ 
peans. The Hungarians, and feveral wandering tribes of 
Alia, have a limilar'form, and fimilar language and man¬ 
ners, with the Fins. 
3. The Mongul Race. To this belong mod of the 
people we call Tartars, as the Monguls, the Mantcheoux, 
theCalmucs, &c. and who have extended their conquefts 
from China to Hindooltan, and are even advanced as far 
as the frontiers of Europe. It is characterized by a flat 
forehead, a fmall nofe, prominent cheek-bones, black hair, 
very thin beard, fmall oblique eyes, thick lips, and a co¬ 
lour more or lefs yellow. 
The Chinefe and Japanefe, and the Indians beyond the 
Ganges, to whom we give the name of Malays, appear 
to hold a near refemblance to the Monguls. The ifiands 
of the South Sea, and the great continent of New Hol¬ 
land, are inhabited by original Malays. Thofe who live 
ncareft the equator have the (kin almolt as black as the 
Negroes. Such are, among others, the Papons. 
4. The Negro Race. Negroes inhabit all the coalts on 
the fouth of Africa, from the river Senegal to the Red 
Sea. Betides the blacknefs of their fkin, they are diltin- 
guilhed by their flat nofe and forehead, their long muz¬ 
zle, prominent cheek-bones, and frizzled hair. They are 
blacker than the inhabitants of Guinea, and have the 
nofe exceflively long. Thofe of Congo are the molt 
comely. Towards the tropic of Capricorn they become a 
little paler, and take the name of Cadres. Almolt all the 
inhabitants of the eaftern coaft of Africa are of this fub- 
variety. The Hottentots form another fubdivifion, which 
is found in the molt fouthern point; and they have cheek¬ 
bones fo prominent, that their vifage appears triangular. 
Their colour is a brown olive. It is fuppoftd that the 
interior parts of Africa, which are very hilly, are inha¬ 
bited by a race of white men like Abyflinia. 
5. The Copper Race. America was peopled by men of 
a copper colour, with long and coarfe hair, who, accord¬ 
ing to moft travellers, generally want the beard, and even 
the hair on the body. Others alfures us that they eradi¬ 
cate thefe. It is alio faid, that the fanciful form of their 
heads arife from the compreflion they undergo in infancy. 
This race comprehends the favage nations of America, 
and the remaining inhabitants of Mexico and Peru. It 
is towards the fouthern point of this continent that 3 ve 
find the tallelt race of men in the univerfe; but their 
height, which the earlier travellers reprefented as gigantic, 
fearedy exceeds fix feet. Thefe are the people lo cele¬ 
brated under the name of Patagonians. 
All thefe different varieties of men can intermix and 
produce children, who hold a mean between the forms 
and colours of their parents. Thefe intermixtures can 
again mix with the original races; and the produce ap¬ 
proaches to thefe races according to the degree of mix¬ 
ture. All thefe progenies are prolific, as well as their fa¬ 
thers and mothers.—Thus far Cuvier. 
We are tempted to add the arrangement of Blumenbach. 
His varieties are—1. Caucafian ; 2. Mongolian ; 3. Ethi¬ 
opian ; 4. American ; 5. Malay. The Caucafian, for 
reafons which will afterwards be mentioned, is regarded 
as the primitive flock. This deviates into two extremes 
moft remote and different from each other; viz. the Mon¬ 
golian on one fide, and the Ethiopian on the other. 
The two remaining varieties hold the middle places be¬ 
tween the Caucafian and the two extremes; that is, the 
American comes in between the Caucafian and Mongolian ; 
and the Malay between the Caucafian and Ethiopian. 
1. Caucafian Variety.• —White fkin, inclining to brown, 
red cheeks, hair black, and of the various lighter colours, 
head of a fomewhat globular form; oval and ltraight face, 
ewith features moderately feparate from each ocher, §x- 
A N. 217 
panded forehead, narrow and rather aquiline nofe, and 
fmall mouth : front teeth of both jaws perpendicular ; 
lips, particularly the lower, gently turned out; chin full 
and rounded. In fliort, that kind of countenance which 
accords with our notions of beauty. It includes all the 
Europeans, except the Laplanders and the reft of the Fin- 
nifh race ; the Weltern Afiatics, as far as the river Ob, 
the Cafpian Sea, and the Ganges; that is, the proper 
Tartars, the Georgians, Circaflians, Mingrelians, See. the 
Perfians, Arabians, Syrians, and Turks; the Northern 
Africans, as the people of the Barbary States ; the Egyp¬ 
tians, and Abyflinians. The name of this variety is de¬ 
rived from mount Caucafus, becaufe in its neighbour¬ 
hood, and particularly towards the fouth, we meet with 
the moft beautiful race of men in the world, viz. the 
Georgians. From the accounts of numerous travellers, 
who all agree on this fubjeCl, we felefl the remark of 
Chardin : “ The blood of Georgia is the finelt in the eaft, 
and I m«y fay in the world. I have not obferved a fingie 
ugly countenance in that country in either fex ; but have 
feen numerous angelic ones. Nature has bellowed on the 
women graces and charms, which we fee in no other place. 
It is impoflible to look at them without loving them. 
More beautiful countenances, qnd finer figures, than thofe 
of the Georgian women, cannot even be imagined.” (Voy¬ 
age en Perfe.) Many reafons induce 11s to believe, that 
the primitive form of the human race, was that which 
we have deferibed as belonging to the Caucafian variety; 
and of which the Georgians, Turks, Greeks, and fome 
Europeans, exhibit now the fined fpecimens. This race 
has the moft beautifully-formed cranium, from which, as 
from a middle and primitive configuration, the other forms 
defeend by a moft eafy and fimple gradation, on the one 
hand to the Mongolian, and on the other to the Aithio- 
pian variety. The proportions of the body in general are 
the moft beautiful in this race ; and their minds are the 
moft acute, fo that nearly all the arts and fciences have 
been difeovered by them. They occupy the middle re¬ 
gions of (he globe, while the extremities are filled by 
others. The moft ancient and molt early civilized na¬ 
tions have belonged to this variety. To this form alio, 
according to the obfervation of Blumenbach, there is a 
difpofition to return in the other races ; as may be ob¬ 
ferved in the South Sea iflands, and fome parts of Africa; 
while this does not eafily deviate into the dark-coloured 
varieties. If we admit the Caucafian to have been the 
primitive form of man, are we to fuppofe, that the eyes 
were blue, and the hair yellow or red ; or that both were 
black ? We can have little helitation in adopting the lat¬ 
ter opinion, fince that formation belongs to all of this 
race except the Germans, which have occupied only the 
more diftant regions. It forms, too, the middle colour 
of the human race, and appears often in fcattered inltances 
among the other varieties. Moreover, yellow or tawny 
breeds occur among animals, as in the rabbit and cat, by 
degeneration from their native colour. 
2. Mongolian Variety.— Olive colour; black, ltraight, 
ftrong, and thin, hair, fcarcely ever curled ; head of a 
fquare form ; broad and flattened face, with the features 
running together; the glabella (interval between the eye¬ 
brows) flat and very broad; nole fmall and flat; rounded 
cheeks projecting externally; narrow and linear aperture 
of the eye-lids; eyes placed very obliquely; flight pro¬ 
jection of the chin ; large ears; thick lips. The Hat tire, 
particularly in the countries near the north pole, is below 
that of the Europeans. This includes the reft of the 
Afiatics (excepting the Malays); the Fjnnifli races of 
the colder parts of Europe, as the Laplanders, &c. and 
the tribes of Efquimaux, extending over the northern 
parts of America, from Beering’s Strait to the extremity 
of Greenland. The Mongolians, widely fcattered over 
the continent of Afia, have generally, but erroneoufly, 
been included with fome of very different origin and for¬ 
mation, under the name of Tartars ; whereas the laft- 
mentioned tribes, properly fo called, belong to the firft 
d'ivifioa 
