MAN. 
248 
divifion of the human race.r The Cajmucs, and other 
Mongolian nations, which overran the Saracen empire, 
under Genghis Khar., about the middle of the thirteenth 
century, and had entered Europe, are defcribed in the 
Hiftoria Major of Matthew Paris, under the name of Tar¬ 
tars; whereas that name, properly belongs to the weftern 
Afiatics, who had been vanquiflied by the Monguls. The 
error, however, arifing. from this fource, has been propa¬ 
gated down to the prefent day, fo that in the works of 
the moft approved naturalifts, as Button and Erxleben, 
we find the characters of the Mongolian race afcribed to 
what they call the Tartars. The Tartars indeed are con¬ 
nected by the Kirgufes, and neighbouring tribes, to the 
Monguls, in the fame way as the latter are joined by the 
inhabitants of Thibet to the Indians ; by the Efquimaux 
to the Americans; and by the Philippine iflanders with 
the Malays. 
3. Ethiopian Variety .—Black {kin and eyes ; black and 
woolly hair; head narrow,and compreffed laterally; arched 
forehead ; cheek-bones Handing forwards; prominent eyes; 
thick nofe, confufed with the extended jaw; alveolar arch 
narrow, and elongated anteriorly ; the upper front teeth 
projecting obliquely; the lips, and particularly the upper 
one, thick; the chin receding; knees turned in in many 
inftances. The remaining Africans, befides thofe claffed 
in the firft variety, belong to this. The ftriking pecu¬ 
liarities of this variety, and particularly'the very great 
difference between its colour and our own, have led many 
perfons to adopt the opinion of Voltaire, who had not a 
fufficient knowledge of phyfiology and natural hiftory to 
determine the quettion, that the Africans belong to a 
diftinCI fpecies. But there is no one character fo peculiar 
and common to the Africans, but that it is found fre¬ 
quently in the other varieties, and the negroes often want 
it; moreover, the characters of this variety run by infen- 
fibie gradations into thofe of the neighbouring races, as 
will be immediately perceived by comparing together dif¬ 
ferent tribes of this race, as the Foulahs, Wuiufs, and 
Mandingoes, and carefully noting how in thefe grada¬ 
tional differences they approach to the Moors, New Hol¬ 
landers, &c. Again, great ftrefs has been laid on the fa Cl, 
that the Negroes refemble, more nearly than the Europeans, 
the monkey-tribe; the fear of being drawn into the fa¬ 
mily, even as diftant relations, has we believe induced 
many to place our black brethren in a diffinCt fpecies; 
while others have brought forward this approximation 
to the Simias, with the view of degrading the African be¬ 
low the ttandard of the human fpecies, and thereby pal¬ 
liating the cruel hardfhips under which he groans in the 
iflands and continent of the new world. It is undoubt¬ 
edly true, that in many of the points, wherein the Ethio¬ 
pian differs from the Caucafian variety, it comes nearer to 
the monkeys; viz. in the greater fize of the bones of the 
face, compared to thofe of the cranium ; in the protube¬ 
rance of the alveoli and teeth, receflion of the chin, form 
of the offa nafi, pofition of the foramen magnum occipi- 
tale, outline of the union of the head and trunk, relative 
length of the humerus and ulna, &c. But it appears to us, 
that this fad is not very important. If there are varieties 
of bodily formation among mankind, fome one of thefe 
muff approach nearer to the organization of the monkey 
than .the others; but does this prove, that the variety 
in which the conformity occurs, is lefs in man than the 
others? The folid ungular variety of the common pig is 
mere like the horfe than other fwine; do we hence infer, 
that the nature of this animal in general is lefs porcine, 
or more like that of the horfe, than that of other pigs ? 
The points in which the Negro differs from the European 
are trivial and few, and do not touch upon thofe impor¬ 
tant charaders which feparate man in general from the 
animal world; the ereCt attitude, the two hands, the flow 
development of the body, the ufe of reafon, and confe- 
q'uently- perfectibility, are attributes common to both. 
4. American Variety .—Red colour; black, flraight, 
ffrung, and thin, hair; fiiort forehead; deep eyes; nofe 
fomewhat flattened, but prominent; a broad but not flat¬ 
tened face, with the cheeks {landing out, and the different 
features projecting diftinCtly and feparately; the forehead 
and vertex often deformed by art. This variety includes 
all the Americans, with the exception of the Efquimaux. 
The rednefs of the {kin is not fo conttant but that it varies 
in many inftances towards a brown, and approaches like- 
wife in fome temperate fltuations to the white colour. 
Cook ftates, that the natives about Nootka Sound are 
little inferior in fairnefs to Europeans; and Bouguer 
makes the fame obfervation on the Peruvians of the Andes. 
It is alfo fully afeertained at prefent, that the Americans 
poffefs the fame varieties of feature which are obferved in 
the other races. 
5. Malay Variety .—Brown colour; hair black, foft, 
curled, and abundant; head moderately narrow; and fore¬ 
head {lightly arched; nofe full and broad towards the 
apex; large mouth; .upper jaw rather prominent; the 
features, when viewed in profile, projeCling and diltinct. 
The inhabitants of the peninfula of Malacca, of the South 
Sea, Ladrone, Philippine, Molucca, and Sunda, iflands, are 
arranged under this divifion. As the Americans, in their 
national characters, hold the middle place between that 
middle variety of the human race, which we have called 
the Caucafian, and one of the extremes, viz. the Mongo¬ 
lian ; fo the Malay forms the connecting link between 
the Caucafian and the Ethiopian. The name of Malay is 
given to it, becaufe molt of the tribes which it includes, 
as thofe which inhabit the Indian iflands near Malacca, 
the Sandwich, Society, and Friendly, iflands, alfo thofe of 
Madagafcar, and thence to Eafter ifland, ufe the Malay 
language. 
Intermediate Shades .—In deferibing thefe varieties, we fix 
on the molt ftrongly marked tints, between which there is 
every conceivable intermediate (hadp of colour. The op- 
pofite extremes run into each other by the niceft and moft 
delicate gradations, in every particular in which the hu¬ 
man fpecies differs. This forms no flight objeClion to 
the hypothefis of different fpecies; for, on that fuppofi- 
tion, we cannot define the number of fpecies, nor can we 
point out the boundaries that divide them ; whereas, in 
animals moft refembling each other, the different fpecies 
are preferved pure and unmixed. Neither does the colour, 
which we deferibe in general terms as belonging to any 
particular raoe, prevail fo univerfally in all the individuals 
of that race as to conflitute an invariable character, as we 
ftiould expert if it arofe from fuch an uniform caufe as 
an original fpecific difference; its varieties, on the con¬ 
trary, point out the aftion of other circumftances. Thus, 
although the red colour is very prevalent on the American 
continent, travellers have obferved fair ribes in feveral 
parts : as Bouguer, in Peru ; Cook, Nootka Sound ; 
Humboldt, near the fources of the Orinoco; and Weld, 
near the United States. The natives of New Zealand vary 
from black to an olive or yellowifli tinge. In the Friendly 
Iflands, they are of a complexion deeper than the copper- 
brown ; but feveral of both fexes are of the olive-colour, 
and fome of the women are much f.rirer. 
Confiderable variety, alio, will be found to exift in the 
colour known by the general epithet white. That Angu¬ 
lar race of men, the Albinos, poffefs a milk-white or red 
{kin and yellowifh-white hair, with red eyes. In the na¬ 
tural hiftory of our fpecies, they have not met with much 
better treatment than the poor Negroes for fome have 
doubted whether they, as well as the latter, belonged to 
the lame fpecies with us. The Negroes were thought to 
be too black, the Albinos too white. Their {kin has an 
unnatural whitenefs, often feeming to approach to a flight 
degree of lepra, and the hair of all parts of the body has 
the fame character. The latter has not the fnowy white¬ 
nefs of old age, nor the elegant light yellow or flaxen ap¬ 
pearance of the fair-haired in our climates; but is rather 
to be compared to the appearance of cream ; neither is the 
colour of the {kin like that of the European, but it ap¬ 
proaches to that of milk, or of a white horfe. The eye is r 
5 deprived 
