M A P. 
321 
tlje engravers. If the whole courfe of the Ob is vifible in 
the welt, and all the Japanefe iflands in the ealt, a 1 'uffi- 
ciently comprehenlive map for ordinary purpofes would 
be traced, whole fouthern boundary may belt be the 
equator. The map of Infular Afia, or Polynelia, as it is 
well named by Mr. Pinkerton and the French geogra¬ 
phers, would have New Holland, or Oolimarra, (fo the 
natives call their land,) for its central object, and would 
ftretch farther ealtward, and lefs far weltward, than the 
map of Northern Afia. The fitnefs of dividing North and 
South America, and the place of reparation, are hardly 
liable to queltion. On this plan, fix maps of equal fcale, 
three for the northern and three for the fouthern feflions, 
would nearly comprife the geography of the world. 
It was recently dated by Mr. Robert Ward, in the Bri- 
tilh houfe of commons, that the plates to Caffini’s map of 
France were deftroyed by Bonaparte previoufly to the late 
invafion of that country, left they Ihould fall into the 
hands of the allies. Many of our readers may not be 
aware that this map was perhaps the grandell undertaking 
of the kind-ever attempted. It confided of 183 fiieets, 
covering together an area of 785 Paris fquare feet, each 
flieet being 2. feet 8-| inch&s in length, and 1 foot inches 
in height. The Itandard is 3 Paris inches 2 lines tor each 
geographical mile. This prodigious work required 113 
years for its completion, that is, from 1683 to 1796. In 
1683, John-Dominic Cafiini meafured the fouthern part of 
the meridian of Paris, as far as below Bourges, and con¬ 
tinued this operation in the years 1700 and 1701, in afl'o- 
ciation with his fon James, as far as the Canigou. In 
1718, the latter meafured the northern part of the me¬ 
ridian, from Montdidier to Dunkirk. In 1739, Ccefar- 
Francis Cafiini de Thury again meafured the lame meri¬ 
dian longitudinally from north to fouth, and afterwards 
defcribed by means of a chain of nearly 2000 triangles, 
extending over the furface of France, the necelfary paral¬ 
lel and perpendicular lines, with and upon the meridian. 
This feries of triangles forms the net to the great map of 
France, the outline of which was fubmitted by him to 
the government, which fignified its approbation in 1750, 
and for forne years gave its active lupport to the enter- 
prife. Thus this map required the preliminary labour of 
half a century before the aflual drawing for it could be 
commenced. In 1756 the expenfes attendant on the war 
obliged the government to withhold its farther alliltance; 
and, but for the perfeverance of Cafiini, all the pains and 
expenfe hitherto bellowed upon the undertaking would 
have been thrown away. Cafiini devifed the plan of 
forming a company of fifty fhare-holders, whom he partly 
prevailed on to embark in it, by reprefentations of the cre¬ 
dit which they would derive from enriching their country 
with fo fplendid and ufefula work, and partly found among 
his moll intimate friends and relations. Each of thele 
fhare-holders contributed 2400 livres, for which they never 
received any interell. After the deceafe of Casfar-Francis 
Cafiini, in 1784, his fon, john-Dominic, was appointed 
one of the directors of the undertaking, and in 1790 made 
a report to the fhare-holders of the then Hate of the con¬ 
cern. Out of the 180 feflions, 165 were publifhed, and 
11 of the other 15 were ready for prefs. On the 21ft of 
September, 1793, a decree was iflued by the National Con¬ 
vention, that this map of France, upon which Cafiini’s an- 
ceftors had laboured no years, and the fums for the profe- 
cution of which had been for thirty-feven years advanced 
by a private company, Ihould within twenty-four hours 
become national property. The plates were firft depolited 
in the Depot de la Guerre, and afterwards in the Depot 
du Cadaftre, (confequently transferred from the war de¬ 
partment to that of the interior;) and in vain did M. 
Capitaine, one of the directors of the work, endeavour 
for the next feven years to obtain their reltitution. At 
length, upon his urgent folicitation, the Committee of 
Public Welfare came to a refolution, by which, after cal¬ 
culating the fums advanced, and the value ol the pro- 
perty, the indemnification for each fhare-holder was fixed 
Vol. XIV. No. 977. 
at 9060 livres, amounting for all the fifty to 453,000 livres. 
Thus for this fum the nation obtained pofleflion of a work 
which had coll the labour of fifty years, exclufivelv of 
the preliminary operations, and an expenle of more than 
770,000 livres. Monthly Mag. vol. xxiv. New Monthly, vol.iii. 
Maps o/'Estates, fuch plans or outlines of land as 
are necelfary to djreCt their management in the molt 
eafy and economical manner. In a ufeful .work on 
Landed Property, it is advifed that the different dillinbt 
parts or farms into which effates are divided, Ihould be 
outlined, coloured, and introduced on a general map, as 
well as each feparately delineated, more particularly 011 a 
fmall pocket one, fo as to (how the farms with diitinct- 
nefs, or the lands intended to be laid into them, with the 
wood-lands, waters, &c. See. that are in hand. The pocket- 
maps ffiould exhibit at once the outlines, the names, and 
the contents, of the different fields, or pieces of land, of 
which they are feverally conllituted, which by being co¬ 
loured according to occupancy, the feveral fields of the 
exilting farms (or intermixed parts of farms intended to 
be united), though fcattered, may be readily diltinguilhed. 
And “ if feparate columns of contents be indorfed 
on the backs of the maps, one of them of the intended 
farm, the other of the exilting farms or parts of farms, 
with their totals fubjoined ; all the doubts and perplexi¬ 
ties which are wont to arife on large effates, from the in¬ 
termixture of farm-lands, will be avoided.” And thefe 
maps of farms ffiould be of a portable lize, as ten indies 
by eight, and be bound up in volumes correfponding to 
the general maps ; fo that the fuperintendant-manager, in 
going over any part of the effate, may have with him the 
maps that belong to it. Each map Ihould be folded dou¬ 
ble, and be hung in loofely within flexible covers, by a 
guard or Hip of paper palled on the back, in order that 
when opened each may lie flat and fair, and be conveni¬ 
ently portable when fiiut. See the article Surveying. 
Geognostic Maps. The idea of exhibiting in maps, 
by means of ligns or illumination, the principal geognoltic 
features of a given trucl of country, the afpedl of its fur- 
face, the nature of its rocks, their alternation and relative 
pofition, is as new as the fcience which teaches us to dif- 
tinguilh from each other the manifold materials that com¬ 
pote the crult of the earth as far as we are acquainted with 
it. Several methods have been lately adopted for accom- 
plifliing the above objedl; of all which, that of colouring 
the fpaces occupied by the different rocks appears by far 
the molt convenient. It is this method which has been 
improved and carried to a high degree of preciffon by the 
celebrated Werner; and we are indebted to profelfor Janie- 
fon for an account of the Wernerian method of colouring 
maps, communicated in the firft volume of the “ Tran fac¬ 
tions of the Wernerian Society,” lately publilhed. 
The following rules Ihould be obferved in illuminating 
maps for the above purpofe: 1. Such colours are to be 
ufed as will allow the ground-work of the map or delinea¬ 
tions of the mountains to appear through them diftinilly. 
2. The colours ffiould agree as nearly as pofiible with na¬ 
ture ; they Ihould correlpond with the moft common co¬ 
lour of the rock, or at lead differ from it as little as 
pofiible, and agree with the tranfition-ffuite of the colours'. 
3. The ufe of all bright colours muff be avoided. 4. The 
colours mull not be too pale or too deep, and they ought 
to be laid on as much as pofiible of the fame intenlity : 
perfectly dark and light coloured rocks are exceptions to 
this rule. 5. The colours of mountain-rocks muff form 
fuites or tranfitions, in order to exprefs the tranficions of 
the rocks into each other; at the lame time they mull be 
fulficiently diftinft from each other. The following co¬ 
lours are employed by Werner for aiftinguilhing the par¬ 
ticular rocks : Quartz, reddilh white, inclining a little to 
yellow; topaz-rock, pale brick-red; granite, pale cochi- 
neal-red, approaching carmine-red ; white-done, pale fieffi- 
red ; gneifs, lilac-blue; mica Hate, pearl-grey; primitive 
clay-llate, greenilb-grey, approaching to blue ; alum-llate, 
pale bluilli-black, approaching to grey ; fletz-flate, deep 
4 - N afli= 
