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MARMOR* 
dorf in Germany; in tiie Pyrenees, and province of 
Beame; near Idria in Carniola ; alfo in Alface, and the 
vaft mountains of Bohemia. The pores are formed by- 
pyrites formerly imbedded in it, but which has mouldered 
away and been wafhed out. 
9. Marmor margodes, or marly marble : compaft, with¬ 
out luftre, fubopake, not receiving a polilh; fragments 
convex. Found in ftratarial mountains of Bavaria, Frank¬ 
fort, Sweden, &c. mixed with a greater or lefs proportion 
of clay, and often marked with diaphanous veins in the 
form of 111 rubs, with frequently the veftiges of fifties and 
crabs, rarely fhells or fuch animals as inhabit fait water ; 
colour yellowifli or reddifh-white. 
10. Marmor ftratarium, or ftratified marble : mixed with 
clay, in water falling into powder, crackling in the fire; 
confiding of horizontal ftrata. Found in Oeland,Scania, 
and the mountain Kinnekulle in Sweden. Breaking into 
horizontal and perpendicular ftrata, and abounding in pe¬ 
trifactions ; the upper ftrata are much harder than the 
lower. 
11. Marmor Florentinum, or Florentine marble : mixed 
with argil; opake, com pa ft, receiving a polifh, curioufly 
depifted. Found in Italy and Mount Sinai. Yellowifh- 
grey, with generally brown pictured marks of various 
forms. 
12. Marmor nobile, or true marble; fubopake, com¬ 
pact, of a fplintery frafture, receiving a high polifh, and 
of a fine colour. The true marble forms ftratarial moun¬ 
tains in almoft every part of the globe, exhibiting innu¬ 
merable varieties of colour and depiftment; it is more or 
lefs loaded with petrifactions, particularly of the tefta- 
ceous kind; burns into very good lime, and is chiefly 
ufed in fculpture and coftly buildings. 
The following are the varieties, as given by Gmelin, 
in Lis edition of the Syltema Naturae. 
a. Of one uniform colour. Waller, 129. 8. 
a. Rufous. Numidian. 
b. Flefh-colour. 
c. Red. 
d. Cinnamon. Marmo canello. 
e. Yellow. Phengites. 
f. Pale yellow. Polombino anttco, 
g. Grey. Bardi/lio. Venetian. 
h. Blue., Of Chios and Narbon. 
i. Green. Verdello. 
k. Livid. Pardalian, 
Variegated. Sower by Brit, Mineral, i. tab, 79. 
a. With bands. 
b. ftrise. 
c. lines. Marmofcriito. 
d. veins. 
e. colours gradually running into each other. 
f. fpotted. Brocatello. 
g. ocellated. Occhio diparone. 
li. dotted. 
i. powdered. Marmo polverojo . 
a. White. African. 
h. Black. Canary. 
C. Yellow. Porta Santa. 
D. Purplifh. Lejbian. 
t. Green. Lacedemonian. This is the green an¬ 
tique marble, or verde antico of the Italians. By fome it 
is confidered as a kind of breccia, the pafte of which is a 
mixture of talc and limeftone, and the dark green frag¬ 
ments are owing to ferpentine more or lefs pure. This 
marble is much efteemed in commerce, but large pieces 
of a fine quality are feldom feen. There are four fine co¬ 
lumns of it in the Napoleon Mufeum 3 but much more 
beautiful ones are preferved at Parma. The veftibule of 
the hall at Sion Houfe, Brentford, is fupported by twelve 
Ionic columns and fixteen pillars of verd antique , pur- 
chafed at bn immenfe expenle, and fuppofed to contain a 
greater quantity of that rare variety of marble than is to 
be found in any Angle apartment in Europe. (Wake¬ 
field’s London.) 
13. Marmor vulgatum, or common limeftone; fub¬ 
opake, compaft, of a fplintery frafture, receiving an in¬ 
different, if any, polilh. Found in vaft mountainous maffes, 
fometimes in rounded lumps, as at Aberthaw in Glamor- 
ganfhire, fometimes on the beach in the form of fhingles; 
colour greyifh, bluifh, blackifh, fometimes cream-colour, 
flefh-colour, or yellowifh, often with feveral colours 
mixed. Differs from the marbles only in colour and po¬ 
lifh ; and is the material every-where ufed for burning 
into lime. 
14.. Marmor fiflile, or fiflile marble: opake, compaft, 
compofed of thinner ftrata. Found in various parts of 
Great Britain, Sweden, and on Mount Calpi near Gibral¬ 
tar; blue, grey, or brown, fometimes of two colours, with 
alternate white, reddifh-brown, grey, black, or greenifh, 
layers. 
Of Cutting, Polishing, and Colouring, Marble. 
The art of cutting and polijhing marble was, of courfe, 
known to the ancients, whofe mode of proceeding ap¬ 
pears to have been nearly the fame w ith that employed at 
prefent; except, perhaps, that they were unacquainted 
with thofe fuperior mechanical means which now greatly 
facilitate the labour, and diminifh the expenfe of the ar¬ 
ticles thus produced. There are many celebrated manu¬ 
factories of this kind, generally called marble-mills, on the 
continent, and alfo in Great Britain; but, as the princi¬ 
ple on which they proceed is nearly the fame in all, it 
will fuffice in this place to give the defcription of one or 
two of the latter. The following relates to the manu- 
faftory of Meffrs, Brown and Mawe at Derby. 
An effential part of the art of polifhing marble is the 
choice of fubllances by which the prominent parts are to 
be removed. The firft fubftance fhould be the lharpelt 
fand, fo as to cut as fall as poflible; and this is to be 
ufed till the furface becomes perfeftly flat. After this, 
the furface is rubbed with a finer fand, and frequently, 
with a third. The next fubftance after the finelt fand is 
emery of different degrees of finenefs. This is followed 
by the red powder called tripoli, which owes its cutting 
quality to the oxyd of iron it contains. Common iron- 
Itone powdered and levigated anfwers the purpole very 
well. This laft fubftance gives a tolerably fine polilh. 
This, however, is not deemed fufficient. The laft polilh 
is given with putty. After the firft procefs, which merely 
takes away the inequalities of the furface, the fand em¬ 
ployed for preparing it for the emery fliould be chofen o£ 
uniform quality. If it abounds with fome particles harder, 
than the reft, the furface will be liable to be fcratched fo 
deep as not to be removed by the emery. In order to get 
the fand of uniform quality, it Ihould be levigated and 
walhed. The hard particles, being generally of a different 
fpecific gravity to the reft, may by this means be feparated„ 
This method will be found much fuperior to that of fift- 
ing. The fubftance by which the fand is rubbed upon, 
the marble is generally an iron plate, efpecially for the 
firft procefs. A plate of an alloy of lead and tin is bet¬ 
ter for the fucceeding proceffes, with the fine fand and 
emery. The rubbers ufed for the polifhing, or laft pro¬ 
cefs, confifts of coarfe linen cloths, fuch as hop-bagging,, 
wedged tight into an iron plane. In all thefe procefl'es, a, 
conltant fupply of fmall quantities of water is abfolutely, 
neceflary. 
The fawing of marble is performed on the fame prin¬ 
ciples as the firft procefs of polilhing, The faw is of foft 
iron, and is continually fupplied with water and the Iharp- 
eft fand. The fawing, as well as the polilhing of fmall 
pieces, is performed by hand. The large articles, fuch 
as chimney-pieces and large llabs, are manufaftured by 
means of machinery, working by water or fleam- 
Fig. 1. on the annexed Plate is a fide-view of a.machine 
for fawing and polilhing llabs of marble ; fig. 2. a ground- 
plan of the fame, and marked with correfponding letters. 
ABC is a frame of wood, fufpended by the upright 
frames of wood, D, E, F, G, from the beams H, H, H, H, 
fo as to be capable of an ofcillatory motion. Motion is. 
given' 
