400 
M A R 
from 1760 to 1762, called the attention of Germany to 
mufical criticifm ; which Hiller's weekly efTays on the 
fame fubjeft continued from 1764 to 1770. The chief of 
M. Marpurg’s works, theoretical and practical, which are 
very numerous, were publifhed between 1749 and 1763, 
about which time he was appointed by the king of Prullia 
fecretary of aflife. After this he devoted his whole time 
to political calculations, except what he beftowed on mu¬ 
fical ratios in an “ Elfay on Temperament,” to which he 
added an Appendix on Rameau’s and Kirnberger’s rules 
for accompaniment, or thorough-baft, 1770, 8vo. 
M. Marpurg’s compofitions in mufic, though much 
original genius may not be difcoverable in them, are 
clear and correct; and, if they do not excite rapture hy 
ftrokes of novelty, fire, or pathos, they can never offend. 
But he was furrounded at Berlin by muficians of thehigheft 
order; by the Grauns, the Bendas, Emanuel Bach, &c. 
and he had no chance of rivalling them in point of genius ; 
but, as a writer on mufical fubjecls, he certainly furpafied 
all his predeceffors and contemporaries in the German 
language, in clearnefs, elegance, and extenfive acquaint¬ 
ance with the hiftory and rules of the art. Burney's Hid. 
of Mufic. 
MAR'PURG, in geography. See Marbup.g, p. 336. 
MAR'QUARD (Freher), an eminent German civilian, 
born at Augfburg in 1565. He ftudied at Bourges, under 
the learned Cujas; and acquired great (kill in polite lite¬ 
rature, and in the laws. At his return to Germany, he 
became counftllor to the eledfor palatinate, and profeffor 
of law at Heidelberg ; and was afterwards fent by the 
eleflor Frederic IV. as his minifter, into Poland, to Mentz, 
and feveral other courts. He died at Heidelberg in 1614. 
He wrote many works, which are efteemed ; the principal 
of which are, 1. De Re Monetaria veterum Romanorum, 
et hodierni apud Germanos imperii. 2. Rerum Bohemi- 
carurn fcriptores. 3. Rerum Germanicarum fcriptores. 
4. Corpus Hiftorire Franciae, See. 
MAR'QUARTSBURG, a town of Germany, in the 
territory of Nuremberg: nine miles north-noi th-eaft of 
Nuremberg. 
MAR'QUARTSTEIN, a town of Bavaria, on the 
Acha : twenty-five miles weft of Salzburg, and forty-five 
enft of Munich. 
MARQUA'YS, a town of France, in the department 
of the Dordogne : five miles north-weft of Sarlat. 
MAR'QUE (La), a town of France, in the department 
of the Gironde; eighteen miles north-north-weft of Bour- 
deaux. 
MAR'QUE (Letters of), are letters of reprifal granted 
by a king or ltate, whereby the fubjeCJs of one country 
are licenfed to make reprifalson thofeof another ; by rea- 
fon, application has been made for redre'fs to the govern¬ 
ment to which theaggreffor belongs, three times without 
effeft. The firft letter of marque, of which we have any 
account in the hiftory of this country, was iffued by Ed¬ 
ward I. in 1295, againft the fubjefts of Portugal. They 
are fo called trom the German marcke , “ limit, frontier 
as being jus concejjum in alterius principis marcas Jeu limites 
tranfeundi, fibique jus faciendi ; “ a right of pafling the li¬ 
mits or frontiers of another prince, and doing one’s-felf 
juftice.” See Letters, vol. xii. p. 540. 
In matters of infurance, if, after a policy is effected on 
a merchant-fliip, letters of marque be put on-board, and 
from a mere private trader fhe is changed into a fhip of war, 
with power not only to defend herftlf, but to cruife and 
take prizes; this is fuch an alteration of the condition of 
the fhip, that the rifk mull be materially changed from 
that which the underwriter took upon himfelf; and con- 
ftquently the contra (ft is thereby determined. Thus, a 
cafe occurs, in which a fhip, injured as a private trader, 
afterwards takes letters of marque, without the confent of 
the underwriters ; this difeharges the underwriters, though 
no ufe be made of the letters of marque. In another cafe, 
letters of marque were taken out, but without the proper 
certificate, and only to entice feamen to enter, without 
M A R 
any intention of cruifiog; this did not vary the rifle, fo 
as to avoid the policy, even though the captain, againft 
his inflruftions, cruifed and took prizes. When the fta- 
men were procured, theft letters of marque could have no 
legal effe£, and thus it was the fame as if no letters of 
marque had been on-board. When no certificate of clear¬ 
ance is taken out, in purfuance of the flat. 33 Geo. Ill, 
c. 66, the letters of marque are declared void ; and the 
captain is fubjeiffed to a penalty for departing without it. 
MARQUEFA'VE, a town of France, in the depart¬ 
ment of the Upper Garonne: fix miles north of Rieux. 
MARQUEISSA'NES, a town of France, in the depart¬ 
ment of the Tarn : nine miles north-eaft of Villefranche. 
MAR'QUES (P. M. Fr. Juan), a celebrated Spanifh 
divine, was born in 1564, at Madrid, of a good family. 
In 1581, he profefied among the herpiits of St. Auguftine, 
in the royal convent of St. Philip; doubts were enter¬ 
tained refpefting the validity of this profeftion on account 
of his youth, fo he ratified it three years afterwards in the 
convent of St. Auguftine at Salamanca. Towards the 
end of his life he was chofen prior of this convent, and 
there he died, 1621, having held various honourable offices 
in that univerfity, in his order, and in the inquifition; if 
it can be accounted an honour to have belonged to that 
accurfed tribunal. None of his ftrmons were publifhed ; 
and a curious treatife which he had written upon the pro¬ 
per method of preaching before princes, was contained 
at the beginning of the laft century by a fire which de- 
ftroyed the library of his convent, and proved fatal to 
many manuferipts by the brethren of the order. His pub- 
1 ifiled works are four : 1. Los dos Eftados de la Eipiritual 
Jerufalem, fobre los Pfalmos 125 and 136; Medina del 
Campo 1603, Salamanca 1610. This, which is confidered 
as his molt eloquent work, was tranflated into French, 
2. Origen de los Padres Ermitanos de San Aguftin, y fu 
verdadera inllitucion antes del gran Concilio Laterenfe ; 
Salamanca 1618, and in Italian at Turin 1621. 3. Vida 
del Venerable P. F. Alonfo de Horozco; Madrid, 1648. 
This was publifhed after the death of the author by Fr. 
Thomas de Herrera. 4. El Gobernador Chriftiano, de- 
ducido de las Vidas de Moyles y Jotae, Principes del Pue¬ 
blo de Dios ; Salamanca, 1612. The fubfequent editions 
were numerous, and it was tranflated into French and Ita¬ 
lian. This was written at the duke de Feria’s requeft, as 
a fort of antidote to the Prince of Macchiavelli and the 
Republic of Bodin. Juan Marques is ftill regarded as 
one of the ornaments of Caftilian literature in its beft 
age 5 but he mult be read for his manner, not for his mat¬ 
ter, and will therefore only be read by his countrymen. 
R. S. in Gen. Biog. 
MARQUESAS, or Marquis of Mendo'za’s Islands^ 
a group of iflands in the South Pacific Ocean, firft difeo- 
vered in 1595 by Alvaro Mendana de Neyra; and vifited 
by Capt. Cook in the year 1774, by Marchand in 1791, 
and by the Miffionaries in 1797 ; of which we have an 
account by theft feveral navigators, and alfo by Mr. 
George Forfter, Mr. Reinhold Forfter, Capt. Chanal, and 
targeon Roblet. Theft iflands are five in number, viz. 
Magdalena, at the diftance of eight leagues to the fouth by 
eaft from the middle of the group 5 St. Pedro or O-Niteio, 
about three leagues in circuit, and of a good height, not 
known by Capt. Cook to be inhabited ; Dominica or 
O-Hivahoa; Santa Chriftina, or Chrilliana ; and Hood’s 
Ifland, which is the northernmoft, fituated in lat. 9. 26. S. 
and five leagues and a half diftant from the eaft point of 
Dominica. Thele ifles. occupy one degree in latitude, 
and near half a degree in longitude, viz. from 138. 47.10 
139.13. W. which is the longitude of the weft end of Do¬ 
minica. 
The trees, plants, and other productions, of theft ifles, 
fays Capt. Cook, fo far as we know, are nearly the lame 
as at Otaheite and the Society Ifles. The refrefhmenrs 
they afford are hogs, fowls, plantains, yams, and fome 
other roots; likewife bread-fruit and cocoa-nuts, but of 
thele not many. At firft thefe articles were purchafed with 
3 nails; 
