MARTIN. - 485 
pass of them not only to the weftern prelates, but to fe- 
veral bifhops in the eaft ; and, as he found that fome of 
them, who oppofed the monothelites, were willing rather 
to fubmit to him, as the head of their party, than to 
their own patriarchs, whom they looked upon as here¬ 
tics, he did not fuffer fuch an opportunity of extending 
the power of the court of Rome to pafs unimproved j 
but appointed one of them, John of Philadelphia, the 
vicar of St. Peter, empowering him to exercile all patri¬ 
archal jurifdiffion in the patriarchates of Antioch and 
Jerufalem. 
In the mean time Martin had informed the emperor of 
the proceedings of the council, by a mod fubmiffive and 
flattering letter, in which he endeavoured to convince hint 
that the doctrine of one will was repugnant to the defini¬ 
tions of the councils, to the doflrine of She fathers, and to 
the 'belief of the church ; and that, therefore, it had been 
defervedly condemned. Provoked at the proceedings of the 
council and the difobedience of the pope, Con da ns deter¬ 
mined to revenge the infult offered to the imperial laws ; 
and ordered Calliopas, the exarch of Italy, at all events to 
feize and depofe Martin, and to fend him away a prifoner. 
In compliance with this order, Calliopas aflembled all the 
troops of the exarchate; and, giving out that he was pro¬ 
ceeding to Sicily, to drive out the Saracens who had fet¬ 
tled there, advanced with great rapidity to Rome. His 
unexpected appearance, with fuch a force, alarmed the 
Romans; and the pope immediately fignified his readinefs 
to furrender, without liftening to the advice of fome of 
the clergy, who declared that they would ftand by him 
to the laft, and requefted that they might be permitted 
to repel force by force. On the fecond night after his 
arrelt, he was privately carried, with a fevy domeftics, on¬ 
board, a veffel in the Tyber, which was immediately dif- 
patched towards the eaft. During a tedious voyage of 
three months they touched at different places, where the 
pope was not permitted to go on fliore, notwithftanding 
his fufferings from fea-ficknefs, the gout, and a moll vio¬ 
lent flux; and he was cruelly deprived of fuch comforts 
atj^l refrefhments as were brought hint by the clergy and 
others, who were driven away, and fometimes feverely 
beaten, as enemies to the ftate and rebels to the emperor. 
Being arrived at the ifland of Naxos, in the Archipe¬ 
lago, he was confined there a whole year, and then or¬ 
dered to be brought to Conftantinople, where he arrived 
in the autumn or 654, Here he was fuffered to remain 
all the firft day on the open deck, expofed to the infults 
of the rabble, and in the evening carried to prifon, where 
he was clofely confined and feverely treated for ninety- 
three days. At length, by order of the emperor, he was 
Ixought to trial before the fenate, on a charge of high 
treafon, for being privy to a defign formed by the late 
exarch Olympius to revolt againlt the emperor. This 
charge the fenate declared to be fufficiently proved ; 
upon which the high-treafurer, who prefided as judge, 
having ordered the guards to ltrip him, and the people 
to anathematize him, delivered him to the governor of 
Conftantinople, who directed an iron collar to be put 
about his neck, and that he (hould be dragged through 
the (treets of the city, loaded with chains, and then ftnit 
up in prifon, till he ftiould be led to execution. Here 
be was treated with great barbarity, and would probably 
have died under his lufferings, had not the emperor been 
perfuaded by the patriarch to fpare his life; but he would 
not pafs a milder fentence on him than that of banifti- 
ment to the Sarmatian Cherfonefus, where he arrived in 
May 655. In this unhofpitable country, in the midft of 
uncharitable pagans, he had the mortification of finding 
bimfelf entirely neglected by his friends in Italy, and fuf¬ 
fered to want the neceffaries of life. Worn out at length 
by hardihips, and abandoned by all, he died in the fol¬ 
lowing September, about fix years after he had been 
elected to the Roman fee. There are ftill extant feven- 
teen of his letters, in the fifteenth volume of the Colleft. 
Concil. which (how him to have been a perfon of confi- 
derable parts, great courage, and enterpriling genius. 
MAR'TIN II. (Pope), was the fon of a prefbyter, and 
a native of Gallefium in Tufcany. He recommended 
himfelf to different pontiff's by his talents for bufinefs, 
and rofe to the dignity of archdeacon of the Roman 
church. In S66 he was fent legate by pope Nicholas to 
Bulgaria and Conftantinople, for the purpofe of excom¬ 
municating the patriarch Photius; and, again, in 869 by 
pope Adrian II. to fit in the eighth general council con¬ 
vened in oppofition to that patriarch. In 879, he was 
fent legate to Conftantinople a third time, by pope John 
VIII. to annul the afls of the council held under Pho¬ 
tius, and to excommunicate him anew. Upon the death 
of John, in 882, he was elected his fucceffor; and Platina 
fays that he was indebted for his elevation to wicked 
practices, of which no mention is made by any of the 
more ancient writers. One of the firft meafures of his 
adminiftration was to declare the afts of the late council 
of Conftantinople null and void, to excommunicate Pho¬ 
tius, and to anathematize all who (liould communicate 
with him, or acknowledge him lawful patriarch. Thefe 
proceedings fo highly exafperated the emperor Bafilius 
ngainft him, that he would not own him for lawful pope. 
Another meafure of this pontiff’s government, was his 
reftoration of Formofus, biftiop of Porto, to his fee, 
though he had been repeatedly excommunicated by his 
predeceffors, and even obliged to (wear that he would ne¬ 
ver refume the epifcopal functions. From the obligation 
of his oath Martin took upon himfelf to abfolve him, de¬ 
claring him innocent of the crimes laid to his charge, and 
replacing him in his biffiopric. We read of no fir her 
afts of this pontiff deferving of being recorded. He cued 
in 884, after having prefided over the Roman fee one 
year and five months. None of his writings have reached 
our times, excepting A Conftitution for the Benedidtine 
Monaftery in the Diocefe of Limoges, which is inferted 
in the ninth volume of the Colleft. Concil. 
MAR'TIN III. (Pope), is laid to have been a Roman 
by birth, and fucceeded to the papal dignity on the death 
of Stephen VIII. or IX. in the year 942. He is praifed 
for having been a great friend to the poor ; for his pious 
zeal in reforming the relaxed manners of the ecclefialtics; 
for his liberal expenditure in building, repairing, and 
adorning, churches; and for his paternal endeavours to 
reconcile the Chriftian princes who were then at war. He 
died in 946, after a pontificate of three years and between 
fix and (even months. 
MAR'TIN IV. (Pope), whofe original name was Simon 
de Brie, was defcended from an illuftrious family, and 
born at the caflle of Montpenfier in the Touraine. He 
was for many years canon and treafurer of the church of 
St. Martin at Tours; ami in the year 1260 was appointed 
keeper of the feals to Louis IX. In 1 261, pope Urban IV. 
created him a cardinal ; and he afterwards lultained ti e 
character of papal legate in France, both under that pon¬ 
tiff and under Gregory X. After the death of Nicho¬ 
las III. and when tile Roman fee had been vacant fix 
months, he was chofen to fill it in February 1281 ; and 
upon his promotion took the name of Martin, in honour 
of St. Martin of ToUrs. From the moment of his aceef- 
fion, Martin’s whole attention was dire&ed to promote 
the power and dignity of the Roman hierarchy ; and lie 
was inferior to none of his predeceffors in the ambition, 
boldnefs, and arrogance, which his conduct difplayea. 
With the real defign of favouring the views of Charles 
king of Sicily on the Greek empire and the city of Con- 
itantinople, by whofe pofleffion of which the influence of 
the papal fee would be rendered triumphant in the eaff, 
he foon afterwards excommunicated the emperor Michael 
Palseologus, under the pretext of his having broken the 
peace which had been concluded between the Greek and 
Latin churches at the council of Lyons, in the pontificate 
of Gregory X. This defign, however, was entirely de¬ 
feated 
