M A R 
ufmoft poverty, and the want even of the neceflaries of life. 
To remedy thefe complicated evils, Martin applied him¬ 
felf with a zeal and vigour which do great honour to his 
memory; and in lei's than two years acquired the title of 
Romulus the Second, by his exertions to promote order 
and regularity, and to re (tore the city to its ancient 
fplendour and beauty. 
In the mean time Peter de Luna, under the name of 
Benedict XIII. continued to adt the part of fovereign 
pontiff, though confined to Penifcola in Catalonia, where 
he was privately fupported by Alphonfo king of Arra- 
gon. In 1423, the council, which Martin had promifed 
at Confiance to afl'emble before the expiration of five 
years, was opened at Pavia ; whence, on account of the 
plague’s breaking out in that city, it was tranflated to 
Sienna. Here feveral efforts were made towards the 
falutary work of reformation in the church and clergy, 
which were eluded and fruffrated under a variety of pre¬ 
tences ; and, when fome of the bifhops moved for the 
confirmation of the decree of the council of Confiance, 
afcertaining \he fuperiority of the council to the pope, 
Martin, to prevent that point, or any other concerning 
the power and authority of the apofiolic fee, from being 
brought into debate, diflolved the council in 1424, ap¬ 
pointing another at Bafil before the expiration of feven 
years. 
About this time Peter de Luna died ; and his cardi¬ 
nals, privately encouraged, if not directed, by king Al- 
phcnlo, chofe for his fucceflor Giles de Munion, canon 
of Barcelona, who afl'umed the name of Clement VIII. 
and, when Martin lent a legate in 1426, to remonfirate 
with him on his being the only Chriftian prince who up¬ 
held'the fchifm in the church, Alphonfo prohibited him 
from entering his dominions. He alfo publifhed an 
edidt, in which he forbade the bifhops and other ecclefi- 
alfics to receive any letters from the pope, or his legate, 
on pain of forfeiting their dignities and revenues ; and 
he charged Martin with frufirating, under frivolous pre¬ 
tences, that pious defign of purifying a corrupt church, 
which had been lo long the objeft of the expectations 
and defires of all good Chrifiians. This edidt the pope 
anfwered with a fummont, requiring Alphonfo to appear 
in perfon ar the tribunal of the apofiolic fee, within a li¬ 
mited period, on pain of incurring the fentence of ex- 
communication, and of having all his dominions fub- 
jected to an interdict. Upon this, Alphonfo, who well 
knew that his own fubjects were generally difiatisfied 
with his fupporting the amipope, and had thence to ap¬ 
prehend the molt lerious confequences from the execu¬ 
tion of the papal menaces, thought it advifeable to come 
to an accommodation with his holinefs; which after pro- 
traCted negotiations was effected in year 1429. Among 
other conditions, it W’as agreed that the antipope and his 
cardinals fhould refign their dignity, fubmit to Martin, 
receive absolution from the legate, and be provided for 
with confiderable benefices. In this manner terminated 
the fchifm, known by the name of the “ great wefiern 
fchifm,” after it had lafted nearly fifty-one years. Hav¬ 
ing now no rival to contend with, Martin made it his 
chief bufinefs to promote crufades againft the Hufiites of 
Bohemia ; and there are extant feveral letters of his to 
the emperor Sigifmund, the king of Poland, the great 
duke of Lithuania, and other princes, exhorting them 
to unite either in compelling thofe heretics to return into 
the bofom of the church, or in extirpating them. He 
died of a ftroke of apoplexy in 1431, about the age of 
fixty-three, having prefided over the Roman church thir¬ 
teen years and between three and four months. Martin 
refemblcd the majority of his predeceffors, not only in 
their averfion from all meafures tending to a reformation 
of the church, but alfo in their nepotifm, preferring, in 
the dilpolal of lucrative employments, his relations and 
nephews to all others, hovyever deferving, and by that 
means leaving them at his death poflelfed of immenfe 
wealth. Fifteen of his Letters, Bulls, and Conftitutions, 
Vol. XIV. No. 986. 
T I N. 437 
are inferted in the twelfth volume of father Labhe’s Con- 
cil. Maxim, feventeen others in Bzovii Annal. and feve¬ 
ral more in the firfi volume of Laertius Cherubini’s Mag¬ 
num Bullaiium, &c. Platina. Cave's Hift. Lit. voi. ii. Du - 
pin. Moreri. Bower. Mo/k. Hift. Eccl. 
MAR'TIN (Raymond), a learned Spanifh Dominican 
monk and oriental Scholar in the thirteenth century, was 
a native of Sobiratz in Catalonia. He was confidered one 
of the mofi able orientalifis of his lime, and was employed 
by James I. king of Arragon, about the year 1264, in ex¬ 
amining and refuting the Talmud. About the year 1268, 
he was Sent by the fame prince to Tunis, for the purpole 
of gaining converts from the Mahometan faith. Of the 
fuccefs which attended this million we are not furnifhed 
with any particulars. While employed on it, he is faid 
to have written A Confutation on the Koran, and feveral 
other pieces again(t the Mahometans, in the Arabic lan¬ 
guage. To him alfo is attributed a Latin treatife againft 
the Jews, entitled, Capijlrum Judaorum, which is no longer 
extant. His celebrity, however, is chiefly founded on a 
work entitled, Pugio FideiChriftiana, completed in the year 
1278, in which he difeovers great knowledge of the books 
and opinions of the Jews, and combats them with argu¬ 
ments drawn from the works of their own rabbis. A 
good edition of it appeared at Leipfic in 1687, with a 
learned introdudlion by Carpzovius. It is divided into 
three parts ; the firft of which is written in Latin, and the 
two others in Latin and Hebrew, Martin was living in 
the year 1286, and had been then fifty years a member of 
the Dominican order. Bayle. Moreri. 
MAR'TIN, commonly called Martinus Polonus, a 
celebrated Dominican monk in the thirteenth century, 
was defeended from a noble Polifii family of the name of 
Strempi ; but of the time and place of his birth we have no 
certain information. He early diltinguifiied himfelf by 
his proficiency in polite learning ; and afterwards excelled 
in the knowledge of civil and canon law, hiltory, and di¬ 
vinity. Having embraced the religious life in the order 
of Dominican preaching friars, he came to Rome, and 
filled the polls of apoftolical chaplain, and penitentiary of 
the Roman church, under popes John XXL and Nicho¬ 
las III. In the year 1278, a vacancy taking place in the 
archiepifcopal fee of Gneina in Poland, pope Nicolas no¬ 
minated him to that dignity. He died, however, in the 
fame year at Bologna, while on his journey towards his 
native country. He was the author of Chronicon Martinia~ 
num, containing a hiftory of the emperors and popes from 
the birth of Chrift to the year 1277 ; continued to the 
year 1285, by another hand. This chronicle for a time 
excited particular notice, from the circumfiance of its 
containing the ftory of the pretended female pope Joan. 
The learned world, however, has long been fatisfied that 
the tale is fuppolititious, and an interpolation, and not the 
only interpolation which has been admitted into it. It 
exilts in the printed copies which were publilhed at Bafil, 
in 1559, and afterwards at Antwerp, with the notes of 
Peter Suffrid, in 1574, in 8vo. The belt edition is that 
publilhed at Cologne, in folio, by order of John Fabricius 
Caefar, from a very ancient manufeript, fuppofed to have 
been written in the author’s time, in which the hiftory of 
pope Joan is not found. Cave's Hiji. Lit. vol. ii. 
MARTIN (Bernard), a lawyer and man of learning, 
was born at Dijon in 1574. He was admitted an advo¬ 
cate in the parliament ot Burgundy, and diltinguilhed 
himfelf by the exadlnefs and erudition of his pleadings. 
In 1605, being called to Paris to attend to a lawfuit of 
importance, he took the opportunity of fome leifure, to 
put in order a number of critical remarks which he had 
made on different Greek and Latin authors, which he pub¬ 
lilhed under the title of “ Bernardi Martini Variarum Lec- 
tionum Libr. iv.” 8vo. 1605. Thele have been much 
commended by feveral fchoiars, on account of their va¬ 
rious learning and ingenious conjectures. He afterwards 
applied folely to proteffional ffudies, and made large col- 
ledlions for a Commentary on the Cultom of Burgundy, 
5 T which 
