698 MECHANICS. 
at any height by a ratchet-wheel and click x. The faw 
m, fig. 69, is fixed upon a fpindle N, fupported in bear¬ 
ings on the frame L, and turned by the handle, R, at the 
top ; the faw is connefted with the fpindle by a piece of 
iron p, fig. 70. having a mortife through it for receiving 
the fpindle, to vi-fich it is faftened by a nut beneath ; by 
this means the edge of the faw may be advanced as the 
work goes on. 
In uling this machine, the beams, B, are fixed acrofs 
a barge, which is ballafted till they are horizontal, and 
the fpindle of the faw is therefore vertical in this (late ; it 
is moored with her fide again If the pile, K, to be cut off, 
as fhpvvn by the dotted line V, fig. 70. then, by the rack 
and pinion v /',g, the faw is adjufted in height to the level 
where the pile is to be cut; by the handle r it is advanced 
to the pile K, whilft by the other handle, R, the faw is 
kept in continual motion backwards and forwards, till 
the pile is cut through, and the piece is taken into the 
barge. By this machine, temporary piles, which are ufed 
in coffer-darns, maybe cut off’level with the bottom, when 
the work is finifhed, which is by fome thought preferable 
to drawing them out of the ground, as is the ufual prac¬ 
tice, becaufe this mult necelfarily make a deep ditch or 
trench all round the pier or foundation, and tend to 
loofen the ground. 
In fome circiMpflances, however, it is found better to 
extraft them j but to draw piles out of the ground when 
they have been driven faff, requires a very great force. 
There are different methods of exerting this force; one 
for drawing them in water, is by having a very ftrong 
barge, with a windlafs at one end to receive a ftrong 
chain, which is palled feveral times round the head of 
the pile, and made fait to the barge; two long beams are 
laid upon the barge to form a railway for a fmall waggon 
to run upon from one end of the barge to the other, and 
it is loaded with ftones of feveral tons weight; when this 
is wheeled to one end of the barge, it will of courfe de- 
prefs it in the water, elevating the other 5 then, in this 
ftate, the lowed end of the barge is chained to the pile by 
putting a very large bolt througli it, and paffing a chain 
round the pile under this bolt a great many times; the 
carriage is then wheeled to the other end of the barge by 
a windlafs and rope ; this tends to raile the end to which 
the pile is fixed ; and, when the carriage is fo far advanced 
that it exerts a fufficient power, it will draw up the pile 
if the chain is properly fixed ; the carriage is then re¬ 
turned to draw another pile. A plan •has been adopted 
at the new bridge now building acrofs the Thames at the 
Strand, for drawing the ufelefs piles by one of Mr. Bra¬ 
mah’s hydrollatic cylinders. This is reprefented at fig. 71, 
where A A is fuppofed to be the top of a range of piles 
forming the coffer-dam, and B the pile which is to be 
drawn. A chain, a, is made fait to the pile, and carried 
many times round a large beam C D, the end D of which 
refts upon a fulcrum, or fupport, E, confiftir.g of a block, 
fupported on the head of a neighbouring pile, &c. F is 
a block of wood, fcrewed together in two places, and in- 
clofing between them a caft-iron cylinder b , into which is 
fitted the pifton, or cylinder, d, the joining being made 
tight by a collar of leather; e is a fmall copper pipe, com¬ 
municating with the cylinder, and alfo with a fmall forc¬ 
ing-pump, the pifton,of which, is actuated by the lever 
g k ; the pump is fixed upon the top of a fmall ciftern. A, 
to contain water. Now, by working the lever of the 
pump, water is injected into the cylinder b, and protrudes 
the pifton d from it with a force proportioned to the 
force exerted upon the lever, in the fame degree as the 
areas of the pump to that of the cylinder multiplied by 
the proportions of the lever h. By this means the power 
of one or two men is increafed to fuch a degree, as to 
draw up the largelt pile; the copper pipe, e, is made to 
unfcrew at feveral joints, which are provided with lea¬ 
ther, to make them tight; by this means the pump is fi> 
parated when the machine is to be removed. As it has 
jio connection with the beam or lever D, the cylinder is 
frequently employed in the manner of a hand-jack, for 
any purpofes where enormous weights are to be lifted for 
a fmall fpace. The fame figure alfo fhows a very com¬ 
plete way of catching faft hold of the pile, inftead of put¬ 
ting a bolt through the pile-head to flop the chain under : 
it is limply a ftrong iron ring, /, large enough to drop 
over the pile loofely, and having a llrong (hank or eye, m> 
projecting from it to run the chain through; and, when 
this is drawn, the ring jambs fo forcibly upon the wood 
of the pile, as to draw it out of the ground rather than 
flip oft', for it holds falter in proportion to the force. 
Exemplification of the Mechanical Powers. 
Plate XVII. 
In the following machine, fig. 72. all the mechanical 
powers are combined. The lever A B, whofe centre of 
motion is C, is fixed totheendlefs fcrew DE, which drives 
the wheel and axle FHG. Round the axle G is coiled a 
rope G H I, which paffes round the four pulleys K, L, m, n, 
and is fixed to a hook at m on the lower block, which car¬ 
ries the weight W. When equal weights are fufpended 
on the lever at equal diftances from the fulcrum C, the 
lever becomes a balance ; and the wedge and inclined plane 
are evidently included in the endlefs (crew DE. If the 
wheel F has thirty teeth, if the lever AB is equal to 
twice the diameter of the wheel F H, and if the diameter 
of the axle G is one-tenth of the diameter of the wheel, a 
power of one exerted at P will raife a weight of 2400 fuf¬ 
pended at the lower block of the four pulleys. 
We (hall conclude this divifion of our article with the 
defcription of a curious machine for exemplifying all the 
mechanical powers, intended for the inltruRive amufe- 
ment of young gentlemen at fchool, or at their parents’ 
feat in the country. It was invented by Mr. Edgeworth ; 
and he calls it the Panorganon. 
The apparatus confifts of two principal parts ; a frame 
for containing the moving machinery, and a capltan or' 
windlafs eredted on a Jill or plank that is funk a few inches 
into the ground. By thefe means, and by braces or props, 
the frame is rendered Heady. The crofs-rail or tranfom is 
ftrengthened by braces, and a king-pojl to make it lighter 
and cheaper. The capltan conlilts ot an upright (haft, on 
which are fixed two drums (about either of which a rope 
may be- wound), and two arms or levers, by which the 
capltan may be turned round. There is alfo an iron fcrew 
fixed round the lower part of the (haft, to (how the pro¬ 
perties of the fcrew as a mechanical power. The rope 
which goes round the drum, paffes over one of the pulleys 
near the top of the frame, and below another pulley near 
the bottom. As two drums of different fizes are employed, 
it is neceftary to have an upright roller, for conducing the 
rope to the pulleys in a proper direction, when either of 
the drums is ufed. Near the frame, and in the direRion in 
which the rope runs, is made a platform or road of deal 
boards, one board in breadth and twenty or thirty feet 
long, on which a fmall (ledge loaded with dilferent weights 
may be drawn. 
Pig- 73 reprefents the principal parts of this apparatus. 
F F, the frame; b, b, braces to keep the frame lteady ; 
a, a, a, angular braces, and a king-poff to (trengthen the 
tranfom; S, a round taper (haft, ftrengthened above and. 
below the mortices, through which the levers pafs, with 
iron hoops; L d, two arms or levers by which the (haft. 
See. are to be moved round ; D, G, the drums, which are 
of different circumferences; R, the roller to conduR the 
rope; P, the pulley, round which the rope paffes to the 
larger drum ; P2, another pulley to anfwer to the fmaller 
drum ; P 3, a pulley through which the 1'ope paffes when 
experiments are made with levers, &c. P4., another pul¬ 
ley through which the rope paffes when the lledge is ufed ; 
R 0, the road of deal boards for the (ledge to move on ; 
S/, the (ledge, with pieces of hard wood attached to it to 
guide it 011 the road. 
1. As this machine is to be moved by the force of men 
or children, and as this force varies, not only with the 
ftrength. 
