6 The Colorado Experiment Station. 
DISCUSSION OE TABLES. 
Windfalls .—In figuring the total per cent, of the different 
grades borne by each tree, the thinned off apples were not counted. 
The windfalls were all counted as culls, for it is a well known fact 
jthat when an apple falls to the ground, from any cause, it generally 
bruises so that it has to be thrown into the cull box. 
It will be seen that the average number of windfalls per tree 
before picking, was 68 apples for the thinned and 279 apples for 
the unthinned trees. The average number of apples which fell to 
the ground while picking was 25 from the thinned, and 102 from 
the checks or unthinned trees. The total average number of ap¬ 
ples which fell to the ground was 03 from the thinned trees and 
381 from the unthinned, making about four times as many fallen 
apples per tree for the checks or unthinned, as for the thinned trees. 
The number of apples which fell while picking was 77 less per tree 
for the thinned trees than for the unthinned. When the apples are 
in clusters at picking time, it is impossible to keep from dropping 
some on the ground, and the more clusters there are the greater 
will be the number that fall. The figures show there were about 
four times as many apples dropped from the unthinned as from 
the thinned trees. 
Culls .—Apples which come under this head were those less 
than 2j4 inches in diameter, those badly bruised or scarred, and 
those very wormy. In connection with this it. might be well to 
state that the Winesaps in the experiment were from 3 to 7 per cent, 
wormy. This worminess had some effect on the per cent, of boxes 
packed in the different grades, and as the unthinned fruit was more 
wormy, because of the clusters affording favorable places for the 
young codling moth larvae to gain an entrance to the fruit, the 
number of culls due to codling moth, would be proportionately 
greater from the unthinned trees. 
Many of the apples “culled” were those that were limb- 
bruised because of their rubbing against some limb. Those apples 
growing on the terminals of long, slender branches were often bad¬ 
ly limb-bruised, caused by being knocked about in the wind. Proper 
pruning and thinning does away largely with these abrasions. 
Thinning Distance .—To thin the fruit on a tree and leave the 
apples a definite distance apart is a difficult matter. A keen eye and 
experience are required for the best results. One may think that 
he is taking off too many apples, or whatever fruit he is thinning, 
and that he is ruining his crop, but at picking time he generally 
wishes that he had taken off more. A good motto to go by in thin¬ 
ning is: “Look up, not down.” Tn other words, pay no attention 
to the apples on the ground, but be sure that every branch is thinned 
