Thinning of the Winesap. 17 
water in the irrigation furrows and not let it collect around the 
bases of the trees and freeze. Perhaps there is no harm in allow¬ 
ing it to freeze in the furrow. 
The worst injury to old peach trees, other than that of killing 
them outright, is that of killing the fruit buds. For this reason it 
is a good plan to delay pruning until one is sure what buds are 
alive and what are dead. But if this is kept up for any number of 
years the chances are that the fruit bearing wood will be in the top 
of the tree and will eventually necessitate a severe heading in. 
SPRING FROST INJURIES. 
Perhaps there is no injury due to freezing temperatures which 
gives such immediate results as that of killing frosts in the spring. 
This too, may have its effect throughout the growing season, but 
the primary effect is that of a total or partial killing of the bloom, 
and sometimes that of the set fruit, in the spring. It is not the object 
in this bulletin to discuss the protection of the orchard from frost, 
except in a general way. 
Some Effects of frost on the fruit and Leaves .—Frost may 
be severe enough to cause only a partial failure of a crop, and when 
this is the case there is always more or less of the injury seen 
throughout the season. The most common of these are frost marks 
consisting of russety patches at both the stem and blossom ends, or 
in some cases russet bands around the fruit. These russet bands 
are often seen on the pear. One form of injury, thought to be due 
to freezing, not often seen, is that of small round russet spots on 
the surface, which may be in almost any position on the fruit. This 
has been seen on the Northwest Gieening and was supposed at 
first to be due to spray injury, but upon investigation it was thought 
to be due to frost injury when the apples were small. It often hap¬ 
pens that apples and pears are so injured as to have no seed. An¬ 
other form of injury to the fruit is that of freezing a part or all 
of the calyx end, causing the fruit to be deformed. In this latter 
case the injury generally -takes place after the fruit has been pol¬ 
linated and has set. 
The early leaves are often injured by frost and the effects are 
that they never grow much larger in size than they were at the time 
of freezing. They rnav turn yellow and drop during the early sea¬ 
son, or they may still hang to the trees, but if they do, they become 
much thickened, somewhat shriveled, and turn yellow much quicker 
than the uninjured leaves. As a rule, if the frost is not too late, 
the damage done to the leaves is not enough to cause any alarm. 
In some severe cases where most of the leaves are out and all are 
injured to such an extent as to cause them to drop, there might be 
some detrimental effects. But, as a rule, the tree will soon throw 
