The: Colorado Raspberry Industry. 
13 
cover and prune as above stated. Mid-summer nipping of red rasp¬ 
berries causes laterals to be thrown out. As a rule this is not a good 
practice as these laterals are often broken in covering and uncovering. 
It is better for the fruiting cane to throw out its lateral in the early 
summer after it has been uncovered. The figure on the front page 
is a good type of pruning knife for cutting out the old canes. 
Pruning of the Black-Caps .—Where the black-cap raspberry does 
not have to be covered for winter protection the following method 
should be followed. Cut out all old canes after the fruiting season and 
at the same time pinch back within three feet of the ground all new 
canes allowing these to throw out new laterals. In some cases it may 
be necessary to do this pinching back of new canes before the fruiting 
season. In this case another pruning is required. It is well to do 
this before the canes have grown too long. They shoud be pinched 
back to from eighteen to thirty-six inches from the ground. In the 
spring go over each hill cutting out all diseaseed or broken canes. 
Where black-caps have to be laid down for winter protection they can 
be treated the same as red raspberries as regards pruning. 
The true purple cane varieties can be treated about the same as 
the black-caps which they more closely resemble in habit. 
GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 
The question is often asked, “Can raspberries be raised success¬ 
fully in a young orchard?” This depends somewhat on kind of soil 
and method practiced. It is believed that with a rich, deep soil and 
with proper management two rows of raspberries, or in some cases 
three, depending upon the distance the trees are planted, can be raised 
in a young orchard for four or five years, or until the trees require 
a great amount of spraying, etc. Never plant raspberries in the tree 
row as is shown in Eig. 1. In raising anything in an orchard it 
must be remembered that the trees are primary and everything else 
secondary. Raspberries require more water than young fruit trees 
but it is thought that by keeping the water from the trees and watering 
the raspberries only for a few years, at least, no damage would result 
from this practice. Fig. 3. shows a raspberry plantation grow¬ 
ing between old apple trees. It shows the stunted effect on the rasp¬ 
berries of over shade and crowding. 
Fertilizing .—The best way to fertilize a raspberry plantation is to 
haul manure during the winter in between the covered rows. This 
manure can often be of a rough nature and in some cases it is thought 
to be better than when it is fine and well rotted. Perhaps the reason 
for this is that its physical nature is more valuable than fine manure. 
When this is placed in between the rows it is covered the next spring 
by uncovering the hills. In this condition it soon decays and becomes 
incorporated with the soil. 
