Thinning of tiie Winesap. 17 
ir in the irrigation furrows and not let it collect around the 
s of the trees and freeze. Perhaps there is no harm in allow- 
it to freeze in the furrow. 
The worst injury to old peach trees, other than that of killing 
1 outright, is that of killing the fruit buds. For this reason it 
good plan to delay pruning until one is sure what buds are 
» and what are dead. Rut if this is kept up for any number of 
*s the chances are that the fruit bearing wood will be in the top 
tie tree and will eventually necessitate a severe heading in. 
SPRING FROST INJURIES. 
Perhaps there is no injury due to freezing temperatures which 
:s such immediate results as that of killing frosts in the spring, 
s too, may have its effect throughout the growing season, but 
primary effect is that of a total or partial killing of the bloom, 
sometimes that of the set fruit, in the spring. It is not the object 
his bulletin to discuss the protection of the orchard from frost, 
ipt in a general way. 
Some Effects of Erast on the Fruit and Leaves .—Frost may 
evere enough to cause only a partial failure of a crop, and when 
is the case there is always more or less of the injury seen 
nighout the season. The most common of these are frost marks 
sisting of russety patches at both the stem and blossom ends, or 
;ome cases russet bands around the fruit. These russet bands 
often seen on the pear. One form of injury, thought to be due 
: reezing, not often seen, is that of small round russet spots on 
surface, which may be in almost any position on the fruit. This 
been seen on the Northwest Gieening and was supposed at 
t to be due to spray injury, but upon investigation it was thought 
)e due to frost injury when the apples were small. It often hap- 
s that apples and pears are so injured as to have no seed. An- 
er form of injury to the fruit is that of freezing a part or all 
the calyx end, causing the fruit to be deformed. In this latter 
2 the injury generally takes place after the fruit has been pol- 
ited and has set. 
The early leaves are often injured by frost and the effects are 
t they never grow much larger in size than they were at the time 
freezing. They may turn yellow and drop during the early sea- 
, or they may still hang to the trees, but if they do, they become 
ch thickened, somewhat shriveled, and turn yellow much quicker 
n the uninjured leaves. As a rule, if the frost is not too late, 
damage done to the leaves is not enough to cause any alarm, 
some severe cases where most of the leaves are out and all are 
ured to such an extent as to cause them to drop, there might be 
ae detrimental effects. But, as a rule, the tree will soon throw 
