2 
ANIMALS 
camera, at rates of speed varying from two minutes and 
twenty-five seconds to two minutes and eighteen seconds 
per mile. 
The photographs resulting from this experiment were 
sufficiently sharp to give a recognizable silhouette portrait 
of the driver, and some of them exhibited the horse with 
all four of his feet clearly lifted, at the same time, above 
the surface of the ground. 
So far as the immediate point at issue was concerned, 
the object of the experiment was accomplished, and the 
question settled for once and for all time in favour of 
those who argued for a period of unsupported transit. 
Each of the photographs made at this time illustrated 
a more or less different phase of the trotting action. 
Selecting a number of these, the author endeavoured to 
arrange the consecutive phases of a complete stride; this, 
however, in consequence of the irregularity of their inter¬ 
vals, he was unable to satisfactorily accomplish. 
It then occurred to him that a series of photographic 
images made in rapid succession at properly regulated 
intervals of time, or of distance, would definitely set at 
rest the many existing theories and conflicting opinions 
upon animal movements generally. 
Elaving submitted his plans to Mr. Leland Stanford, 
who owned a number of thorough-breds, and first-class 
trotting horses, the author secured that gentleman’s co¬ 
operation for a continuance of the researches at his stock- 
farm—now the site of the University—at Palo Alto. 
His official and other duties, requiring absences from 
the city on expeditions sometimes extending over several 
MOTION. 
months at a time, prevented continuous attention to the 
investigation, but in the meanwhile he devised a system 
for obtaining a succession of automatic exposures at inter¬ 
vals of time, which could be regulated at discretion. 
The apparatus used for this initiatory work included a 
motor-clock for making and breaking electric circuits, 
which is briefly described in the “ Proceedings of the 
Royal Institution of Great Britain,” March 13, 1882, and 
will be, with the other arrangements, explained in detail 
further on. 
Experiments were carried on from time to time as 
opportunity permitted; they were, however, principally 
for private or personal use, and it was not until 1878 
that the results of any of them were published. 
In that year the author deposited in the Library of 
Congress at Washington a number of sheets of photo¬ 
graphs, each one of which illustrated several equidistant 
consecutive phases of one complete stride of a horse 
while walking, trotting, galloping, and so forth; they 
were published with the general title of “ The Horse in 
Motion.” 
Some of these photographs found their way to distant 
parts of the world, and were reproduced and commented 
upon in the Scientific American (New York), October 19, 
1878 ; La Nature (Paris), December 14, 1878 ; Berliner 
Fremdenblait (Berlin), April 26, 1879; Wiener Landwirth- 
schaftliche Zeitung (Vienna), April 26, 1879; The Field 
(London), June 28, 1879, and many other journals and 
magazines. 
Each of the cameras used at this time had two lenses, 
