NYC 
The blefled benefit, not there confin’d, 
Drops to a third, who nuzzles dole behind. Pope. 
NY, a town of Sweden, in the province of Warmelands 
thirty-fix miles north-weft of Carlftadt.—Another, fifty- 
three miles north of Carlftadt. 
NY'AKER, a town of Sweden, in Angermanland: 
eighty-five miles north-north-eaft of Hernofand. 
NYAME'E, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Bam- 
barra: forty-eight miles north-eaft of Sego. 
NYAMOY, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Bam- 
barra : 140 miles weft of Sego. 
NYA'RA, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Bam- 
barra : forty miles north-eaft of Sego. 
NYARPET', a town of Hindooftan, in the Carnatic : 
thirty-five miles north-north-eaft of Bomrauzepollam. 
NY'BE, a town of Sweden, in North Jutland. Lat. 56. 
59. N. Ion. 9. 39. E. 
NYBELLED', a town of Sweden, in the province of 
Smaland : forty-three miles north-north-weft of Calmar. 
NY'BORG, or Nyeborg, a feaport-town of Denmark, 
fituated on the eaft coaft of the ifland of Funen, in a bay 
of the Great Belt, furrounded with a rampart and ditch. 
The harbour is large ; but neither deep enough, nor (hel- 
tered from fome winds. The inhabitants fubfift partly 
by accommodating the paffengers who daily crofs from 
hence to Corfoer, in Zealand, or return hither from 
thence, and partly by commerce. The fliips that pafs 
through the Great Belt are obliged to pay toll here, for 
which purpofe a man-of-war is always ftationed in the 
Belt. All that remains of the ancient royal palace, where 
Cliriftian II. was born in 1481, and, when an infant, car¬ 
ried up to the top of it by a monkey, and brought down 
again without receiving any hurt, is only a large wing 
with aflat tower, a little higher than the roof. It ferves 
at prefent for a magazine and arfenal. This city was firft 
built in 1175 ; and, in the thirteenth and fourteenth cen¬ 
turies, mod of the aflemblies of the ftates and courts of 
judicature, particularly the remarkable diet in 1256, were 
held here. In 1659, the Swedes were totally defeated 
almoft under the guns of its caftle. It is fixteen miles 
weft of Corfoer. Lat. 55. 22. N. Ion. 10. 48. E. 
NY'BY, a town of Sweden, in Eaft Gothland : twenty- 
eight miles weft of Linkioping. 
NYCHIN'TA, a town of Bengal : thirty miles north 
of Mauldah. 
NYCLE'E, a town of Hindooftan, in Babar: fifteen 
miles north-weft of Chuprah. Lat. 26. N. Ion. 84. 31. E. 
NYC'TAGE, J\ in botany. See Mirabilis. 
NYCTA'GO, J'. in botany. See Mirabilis. 
NYC'TALOPS, J'. [Greek.] One who fees beft in the 
night. Coles. 
NYCT AL'OPY, f. A difeafe or indifpofition of the 
eye, in which a perlon fees better by night than by day. 
The word Nyctalopla ftands in oppofition to Heme¬ 
ralopia, or day-blindwjs; and is probably derived from 
»v|, night, and iv\]/, eye, with the privative a. But there 
is a wide difference in the acceptation in which both an¬ 
cient and modern writers have ufed this term ; fome con- 
fidering the nyCtalopia as night -blindnefs, while others in¬ 
terpret it night-y?n 7 <t, and both of courfe ufing the word 
hemeralopia, in like manner, in oppofite fignifications. 
Galen, Paul of TEgina, Aetius, Pliny, and Celfus, con- 
fider the term in the light in which we have defined it. 
Hippocrates, on the contrary, had fpoken of nyttalopes 
as perfons who faw moft perfectly in the night; and the 
author of Med. Definit. afcribed to Galen, defines ny£ta- 
lopia night-fight; while the author of the Ifagoge, at¬ 
tributed to the fame, affirms that it is properly ufed in 
either fenfe. 
Night-blindnefs appears to arife from a diminution of 
fenfibility in the retimrof the eyes, fo that the impreflion 
of a ftrong light only is capable of producing the fenfa- 
tion of vifion. Hence profeflor Scarpa has confidered the 
difeafe as an “ imnerfeCt amaurofis.” In the complete 
amaurofis, the retina is altogether.infenfible to the im- 
N Y C 343 
prefllons of light; the patient is totally blind under all 
circumftances, although no material morbid appearance 
is vifible in his eyes. But in the nyctalopia, he fees per¬ 
fectly well during the broad day-light only ; and, as the 
dufk of evening advances, he finds all objeCts begin to 
appear indiftinCt, as if a gradually-thickening milt were 
interpofed between them and his eyes; and the light of 
candles, or of the moon, is altogether imperceptible. 
He remains, therefore, blind until the approach of fun- 
rife in the morning, when objeCts again begin to appear 
to him, enveloped in a mift, which gradually vanifhes 
as the fun advances to the horizon ; after which, his fight 
becomes as perfeCl as that of other individuals during the 
light of day. 
This morbid condition of the retina is fometimes con¬ 
genital, and therefore conftitutional, and altogether be¬ 
yond the reach of any curative meafures. It has fome¬ 
times been hereditary; and fometimes, as in an inftance 
known to the writer of this article, it has occurred in 
two children of the fame family. A cafe of congenital 
nyCtalopia, which had continued many years without 
change, and independently of any difeafe, is related by 
Dr. Parham. See Med. Oblervat. and Inquiries, vol. i. 
p. 122. 
Moft commonly, however, the nyCtalopia is a difeafe 
of the retina, induced by temporary and accidental cir¬ 
cumftances, and capable of being removed by medicine. 
It is brought on, in thel’e cafes, by various caufes which 
debilitate the conftitution, in individuals of very irrita¬ 
ble habit; and is fometimes one among the various 
fymptoms called nervous, which occur in hyfterical and 
hypochondriacal patients. Moft frequently, however, 
it feems to be occafioned by lympathy with a deranged 
ftate of the ftomach and bowels, or of the hepatic lyf- 
tem ; and the German practitioners, efpecially the able 
lurgeons Schmucker and Richter, and after them the 
celebrated Italian furgeon, Scarpa, have fhown, that 
the difeafe is readily removed by correcting the condi¬ 
tion of thefe abdominal vifcera, particularly by the free 
ufe of purgatives after emetics. (See Scarpa on the Dif- 
eafes of the Eyes, tranilated by Briggs, chap. 19.) In 
this view' of the fubjeCt, the nyCtalopia is to be confider¬ 
ed as analogous to the vertigo, head-ache, ringing of 
the ears, and other nervous affeCtionsof the head, which 
accompany indigeltion, and require to be treated by fimi- 
lar means. 
In confequence of the periodical returns of the blind- 
nefs every evening, fome practitioners have fuggelted the 
propriety of adminiftering the Peruvian bark, which is 
peculiarly remedial in intermittent diforders in general. 
But thefe practitioners have failed to obferve, that there 
is no periodical or intermittent change in the organ of 
vifion ; the intermiflions are exclufively confined to the 
external circumftances, viz. to the abftraCtion or return 
of the light. Accordingly Scarpa has juftly remarked : 
“ with refpeCt to the imperfect periodical amaurojis, every 
practitioner would be dii’pofed to believe that the cincho¬ 
na ought to be the fpecific ; experience, however, has 
proved the contrary, and convinced us that this excel¬ 
lent remedy, which is fo efficacious in intermittent fevers, 
and other periodical difeafes, rather aggravates this 
complaint, and renders its attacks more frequent, and 
of longer duration, than before. It is on the contrary, 
moft frequently cured in a fhort time by emetics and in¬ 
ternal refolvents, after which corroborants and bark be¬ 
come ufeful.” 
NYCTAN'THES, f. [from ivxtos «i> 0 os, Gr. flower of 
the night; becaufe, fays Gerarde, “its moft odoriferous 
and fweet-fmelling floures flourifh and fhew themfelves 
only in the night-time, and in the day-time looke wi¬ 
thered and with a mourning cheere.”] In botany, a ge¬ 
nus of the clafs diandria, order monogynia, natural or¬ 
der of fepiariae, (jafmineas, Jujf.) Generic characters 
—Calyx: perianthium one-leafed, tubular, truncate, 
quite entire, permanent. Corolla; one-petalled, falver- 
fhaped; 
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