CE S T 
and Sonneburg. It lies between lat. 58. and 59. N. and 
between Ion. 22. and 24. E. 
This place is called in Efthonic Rurntfaar, i. e. Crane- 
Ifland ; but by the inhabitants Sarema, or The I Hand. 
The temperature of .the air is moderate and falu'orious ; 
but the foil, being in 1110ft parts land, loam, and clay, 
is poor ; yet, after good manuring with cow-dung or fea- 
weed, and proper culture, it produces good corn, parti¬ 
cularly w.heat, rye, and barley. On this ifland are many 
beautiful flowers; and the ftone-quarries are fine, and 
very productive. Many large blocks of limeltone, which 
have been formed into ftatues, and flabs for table-monu¬ 
ments, &c. as well as beautiful and rare ftones, and mar¬ 
ble, have been obtained from this ifland. The character 
of the CEfel peafantry much refembles that of their bre¬ 
thren the Efthonians 5 except that the former are more 
cleanly and orderly, and are generally lets addicted to 
drinking ; but, if they indulge, they prefer beer to brandy. 
In mufic and dancing, theCEfelians manifeft fuperior tafte 
to that of the inhabitants of the adjacent continent; to¬ 
lerable airs being produced by the boors from their fa¬ 
vourite inflrument, the bagpipe; they have likewife two 
forts of dances, one called the great or high dance, and 
the other the little dance. Their houfes are more com¬ 
modious, and better adapted to health, than thofe of the 
Efthonians; they have windows, and fome begin to have 
chimneys. In fome few of the rooms they have deal- 
floors ; and thofe of the wealthier clafs no longer burn 
laths for light, but ufe tallow-candles; and the opulent 
boors along the coaft have iron lamps with fea-dog oil. 
Thefe elegancies, however, are rare. The Efthonians and 
Lettifh are furnilhed annually with an almanac in their 
own language, but the boors of CEfel make their own ca¬ 
lendar; for which purpofe, as they cannot write, they have 
felefted certain iigns, wdiich they mark in an artlefs man¬ 
ner on feven narrow flat fticks tied together by a thong, 
or more properly on thirteen fides. On each fide is a 
month, confifting of twenty-eight days. By this calen¬ 
dar they learn at once every week-day, every immovable 
feftival, and every day that is memorable among them on 
account of any fuperftitious rites ; for each has its pecu¬ 
liar fign. They begin to reckon every fucceftive year one 
day later than the laft; and, in the ufe of the calendar, 
they follow the practice of the Hebrews, and other orien¬ 
tal nations, who begin their books at that part which we 
deem the end, and read from right to left. Tooke's Rujjla, 
,vol. i. 
CESOPH'AGUS, f. [from the Gr. oiaa wicker, from 
fome fimilitude in the ftruflure of this part to the con¬ 
texture of that; and (payu , to eat.] The gullet; a long, 
large, and round, canal, that defcends from the mouth, 
lying all along between the windpipe and the joints of 
the neck and back', to the fifth joint of the back, where 
it turns a little to the right, and gives way to the defcend- 
ing artery ; and both run by one another, till at the ninth 
the cefophigvs turns again to the left, pierces the midriff, 
and is continued to the left orifice of the ftomach. Quincy. 
—Wounds penetrating the cefop/iagvs and afpera arteria 
require to be ftitched clofe, efpecially thofe of the uj'o- 
phagvs, where the fuftenance and faliva fo continually 
preffeth into it. Wifeniaii’s Surgery. 
OESTRIN'GEN, a town of the grand-duchy of Baden : 
fourteen miles eaft of Spire. 
CE'STRUS, J'. the Gad-fly ; in entomology, a genus 
of dipterous or two-winged infedts. Generic characters : 
Mouth with a fimple aperture, and not exlerted ; feelers 
two, of two articulations, orbicular at the tip, andfeated 
each fide in a deprefilon of the mouth ; antennae of three 
articulations, the laft fub-globular, and furnilhed with a 
briftle on the fore-part; placed in tw'o hollows on the 
front. 
The face of this Angular genus is broad, deprefled, ve- 
ficular, and glaucous, and has fome fort of refemblance 
to the ape-kind. They are extremely troublefome to 
Vol. XVII. No. 1187. 
CE S T 4J 3 
horfes, fheep, and cattle, depofiting their eggs in different 
parts of the body, and producing painful tumours, and 
lometimes death. The larva: are without feet, fhort, thick, 
foft, and annulate, and often furnifhed with fmall hooks. 
There are twelve fpecies, of which we have briefly no¬ 
ticed fix under the article Entomology, vol. vi. p. 842. 
1. CEltrus bovis, the ox gad-fly: wings immaculate, 
brown ; abdomen with a black band in the middle, and 
orange-yellow’ hair at the tip. 
This rare fpecies has been entirely omitted by Lirtnteus, 
and appears to have been unknow n to nearly all the later 
writers on natural hiftory, who, inftead of the true CE. 
bovis, have deferibed a fpecies peculiar to the horfe un¬ 
der that name. Linnaeus imagined alfo that it was the 
fame fpecies which inhabited both the ftomachs of horfes 
and the backs of oxen, which certainly never happens. 
The larva, fig. 3 of the preceding Plate, taken from the 
back of the cow, is unlike the other larvte of this genus. 
It does not poffefs theaculei, the marginal lets, orthe lips, 
which are the prominent ebarafters of the larva: of the CE. 
equi and haemorrhoidalis. It lives beneath the Ikin, being 
iituated between it and the cellular membrane, in a proper 
fackor abfeefs, which is rather larger than the infect, and, 
by narrowing upwards, opens externally to the air by a 
fmall aperture. When young, the larva is fmooth, white, 
and'tranfparent; as it enlarges it becomes browmer, and 
about the time it is full-grown it is totally of a deep- 
brown colour, having numerous dots on its furface, dif- 
pofed in tranfverfe interrupted lines, pafiing round tire 
fegments. Twodiftinct and different kinds of lines are 
feen on each fegment; the uppermoft of them is narrower, 
and confifts of larger dots. Underneath this is a broader 
line, and the dots confiderabjy fmaller. The firft are ea- 
filyfeen, by ufingthe lens, to be hooks bent upwards, or 
towards the tail of the infeft. On examining the broader 
line of fmall dots, with a tolerably-powerful magnifier, 
they are alfo found to be hooks, but turned in an oppofite 
direftion, that is, downwards in the abfeefs, and towards 
the head of the in fed. Thefe hooks, it is probable, are 
occafionally eredted by the mufcles of the fkin, and, ac¬ 
cording to the feries of them ufed by the larva, it is railed- 
or deprefled in the abfeefs; and by this motion, and the 
confequent irritation, a more or lefs copious fecretion of 
pus is occaiioned for the fuftenance of the larva. This 
Angular arrangement of hooks round the body of the 
larva, in this inftance, ferves the fame purpofe as the le-s 
in other larvae, enabling it to move about in the abfeefs, 
and to crawl out of it when ripe; and renders the ufe of the 
tentacula, obfervable in the other fpecies, not neceffary in 
this. Befide thefe, on the furface of the Ikin, there are a 
number of rounded, unarmed, prominent, points, which 
have a minute deprefilon in the centre, and appear to be 
the fpiraculae, being the external opening of the extreme 
branches of the air-tubes. 
In what manner the pus is received by the larva for 
nouriftiment is not immediately difcoverable. In the up¬ 
per part of the larva, or that end which is applied to the 
external opening in the flein, may be obferved two linall 
horny plates, which are found on di(leftion to dole the 
extremities of the trunks of fome large air-veffels. Near 
to thefe plates, and fomewhat above them, a minute punc¬ 
ture is difcernible by the afliftahee of a microfcope, which 
was firft detected by placing the lgrva recently removed 
from the beaft in warm water, when a coniiderable co¬ 
lumn of yellow pus w r as obferved to rife from this aper¬ 
ture, which rendered it fufficiently vifible. At other 
times, when clofed, it w’as difcernible with the utmoft 
difficulty. From a firft view, this part would appear to 
be the head of the larva ; but as it is found to produce 
the extremity of the abdomen in the future infedt, it mult 
be confidered as the tail. At the lower end of the figure, 
a fmall indentation may, with attention, be obferved^ 
which is the mouth. It is a fimple aperture, and altoge¬ 
ther unprovided with any of the apparatus belonging°to 
5 N the 
