418 OLD 
O'LD WOMAN’S I'SLAND, a narrow flip of land, 
about two miles long, feparated from Bombay in the Eaft 
Indies, by an arm of the fea, which, however, is paffable at 
low-water. It terminates at one extremity in a fmall 
eminence, on which a look-out houfe is kept for veffels. 
Near the middle are three tombs, kept conftantly white, 
as land-marks into the harbour. From the end of the 
ifland a dangerous ledge of rocks fhoots forth, which are 
not very eafily cleared. It produces only pafture for a 
few cattle. 
O'LDBURY, a village in Warwickfhire, one mile from 
Hen ley-in-Arden, and fix from Warwick. The Romans 
are fuppofed to have had a fort here, which contained feven 
acres, enclofed with high ramparts. Several flints have 
been ploughed-up here, curioufly ground in the form of 
a pole-axe, thought to be inftruments of war, brought 
hither by the Britons before the invention of other arms, 
becaufe there are no flints found within forty miles of it. 
'Wilkes's Britijh Dire&onj, vol. v. 
O'LDBURY, a hamlet in the parifh of Thornbury, 
Gloucefterfhire. It ftretches along the (bore of the Severn, 
and is fuppofed to be the Roman ftation called Trajedus: 
many Roman coins have been found here. Part of the 
entrenchments, with high banks, forming two fides of a 
fq'uare, (fill remain pretty perfect, though the other parts 
are levelled. England's Gaz. 
O'LDCASTLE, a fmall poft-town of the county of 
Meath, Ireland : forty-one miles north-weft from Dublin. 
O'LDCASTLE (Sir John). See the article England, 
vol. vi. p. 608, 9. 
OLDE, or Hold, a town of Germany, in the bifhopric 
of Munfter: twenty miles fouth-eaft of Munfter. 
O'LDEN, adj. [from old; perhaps the Saxon plural.] 
Ancient. Not now in life. 
Blood hath been fhed ere now, i’th’ olden time, 
Ere human ftatute purg’d the gen’ral weal. S/iakeJpeare. 
O'LDEN, a tow n of Norway, in the province of Bergen : 
ninety-five miles north-north-eaft of Bergen. 
O'LDENBROECK, a town of the duchy of Bremen, 
on a fmall river which runs into the Elbe at its mouth : 
twenty-feven miles north-weft of Stade. Lat. 53. 52. N. 
Ion. 8. 39. E. 
O'LDENBURG, a county of Germany, bounded on 
the north by the lordlhip of Jever, on the eaft by the 
.county of Delmenhorft and the Wefer, on the fouth by 
the bifhopric of Munfter, and on the weft by Eaft Friefland. 
It belongs to the king of Denmark; and meafures forty 
miles in "length, and rather more than thirty in breadth. 
The foil is in general fertile, producing in particular ex¬ 
cellent pafturage, and a good breed of horned-cattle and 
horfes. In it, however, is much moor-land ; but on this 
good turf is dug, which is ufed for burning. Againft 
inundations this county is fecured by large and expenlive’ 
dikes and dams. At Varal and other places amber has 
been found. On account of Oldenburg, the king of 
Denmark was poflefled both of feat and voice, as well in 
the Weftphalian college of the counts of the empire, as 
alfo at the diets of the circle of Weftphalia. 
O'LDENBURG, a town of Germany, and capital of a 
county of the fame name, on the Hunte. The town is 
regularly fortified, and contains two churches. .The ci¬ 
tadel was rebuilt in the beginning of the feventeenth cen¬ 
tury, and is the refidence of a governor; it obtained mu¬ 
nicipal rights in the year 134.5. It is thirty-nine miles 
eaft-fouth-eaft of Emden. Lat. 53. 7. N. Ion. 8.15. E. 
O'LDENBURG, a town of Weftphalia, in the bifhopric 
of Paderborn, with a fortified caftle.: fixteen miles eaft- 
north-eaft of Paderborn. 
O'LDENBURG. See Alteneurg, vol. i. It is fet¬ 
tled by the Treaty of Vienna, June 1815, Art. 34.. that 
the duke of Holftein-Oldenburg is to affume the title of 
Grand Duke of Oldenburg. 
O'LDENBURG (Henry), a learned German gentle¬ 
man, who fometimes wrote his name Grueendql, re- 
O L D 
verfing the letters, was defeended from the counts of Ol¬ 
denburg in Weftphalia, and born in the duchy of Bre¬ 
men in Lower Saxony, about the year 1626. During the 
time of the long parliament, in the reign of Charles I. he 
c.ame to England, in the chafa&er of conful to his coun¬ 
trymen at London ; which poft he continued to occupy 
under the admi,niftration of Cromwell. Being difcliarged 
from that employment, he accepted of the office of tutor 
to lord Henry O'Bryan, a young Iriffi nobleman, whom 
he attended to the univerfity of Oxford ; and, in 1656, he 
entered himfelf a ftudent of that univerfity, chiefly that 
he might enjoy the privilege of confulting the Bodleian 
library. Afterwards he was appointed tutor to lord Wil¬ 
liam Cavendiffi ; and became intimately acquainted with 
John Milton, who addrefted to him four of the letters in 
his “ Epiftolas Familiares.” While he redded at Oxford, 
he alfo became acquainted with the members of the fo- 
ciety in that city which proved the origin of the Royal 
Society; and, upon the eftablifhment of the latter, he 
was eledted one of its members. When afterwards the 
fociexy found it necefl’ary to have two fecretaries, Mr. 
Oldenburg was chofen affiftant to Dr. Wilkins in that de¬ 
partment. No fooner had he undertaken this office, than 
lie applied himfelf to the difeharge of its duties with the 
utmoftzeal and affiduity, and publiffied the firft number 
of the *' Philofophical Tranfadtions” in the year 1664. 
That the publication of this work might reflet the 
greater credit on the fociety and himfelf, he eftabliffied a 
correfpondence with more than feventy perfons, in dif¬ 
ferent parts of the world, upon a vaft variety of fubjedts. 
In order to lelfen the fatigue offuch an extenfive literary 
commerce, he proceeded on the molt fimple and methodi¬ 
cal plan. He never read a letter before he had pen, ink, 
and paper, ready toanfwerit forthwith; fo that the mul¬ 
titude of his letters never wearied him, nor ever lay 
heavy upon his hands. He was a conftant correfpondent 
of Mr. Robert Boyle, and tranflated feveral of that phi- 
lofopher’s works into the Latin language. In the year 
1675, Mr. Oldenburg became involved in a difpute with 
Mr. Robert Hooke, who complained that juftice had not 
been done to him in the Tranfadlions, with refpedt to the 
invention of the fpiral fpring for pocket-watches. This 
conteft was carried on with fome wamth on both fides ; 
but was at length terminated to the honour of Mr. Ol- 
denberg, by a declaration from the council of the Royal 
Society, “ that the publiflierof the Tranfadtions had carried 
himfelf faithfully and honeftlyin themanaging the intelli¬ 
gence of the Royal Society, and given no juft caufe for fuch 
refledtions.” Mr. Oldenburgcontinued topublilh the Phi¬ 
lofophical Tranfadtions to N° 336, in the year 1677 ; after 
which the publication was dilcontinued, till it was re¬ 
fumed by his. fuccelfor in the fecretary’s office, Dr. Nehe- 
miah Grew. Mr. Oldenburg died at his houfe at Charl¬ 
ton, between Greenwich and Woolwich in Kent, in 
Auguft 1678, when he was about fifty-tw’o years of age. 
He publiffied Englilh tranflations of, 1. The Prodromus 
to a Dilfertation concerning Solids naturally contained 
within Solids,&c. by Nicholas Steno, 1671, Svo. 2. A ge¬ 
nuine Explication of the Book of Revelations, full of 
fundry new Chriftian Confiderations, &c. by A. B. Piga- 
nius, 1671, 8vo. 3. The Life of the Duchefs of Maza¬ 
rine, 8vo. He alfo publiffied numerous tradts, chiefly 
on theological and political fubjedts; in which he princi¬ 
pally aimed at reconciling differences between religious 
parties, and promoting peace. Martin's Biog. Phil, Pint- 
ton's Math. Did. 
O'LDENBURGER (Philip-Andrew), ajurift and po¬ 
litical writer, was fettled at Geneva, where he taught law 
and hiftorytwith reputation. He died in that city in 1678. 
He was the author of a number of learned works, leve- 
•ral of which he publiffied under borrowed names; one of 
thefe was Burgoldevjis, which was partly his real name 
re'verfed. Some of the principal of his works are, 1. No- 
titia Imperii, five Difcurfus ad Inftrumenta Pads Ofna- 
burgo-Monafterienfis, 1669, 4to. This contains a ufeful 
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