697 
ORCHARD. 
cherry-trees are planted in alternate rows, with two rows 
of filberts between each row. 
The method of planting apple and cherry trees, is to 
dig holes about two feet l'quare, and two fpits deep, ta¬ 
king out the rock, and turning down the furface-foil, 
on which the young.tree is placed, and the remainder of 
the earth is trodden down clofe about the roots. The 
trees are fupported by Hakes, until they get fuflicient 
ftrength not to be hurt by gales of wind. A compofition 
of lime and night-foil is with a brufh painted on their 
Hems, which not.only protefts them from cattle, but is 
laid to promote the growth of them exceedingly. The 
foil preferred for cherries is a deep loam upon the rock. 
If grown by themfelves, they are planted from twenty to 
thirty feet diftant, and are put fomewhat deeper in the 
earth than apples : in other refpedts the management is 
the fame. Cherries feem to affeft a calcareous foil, if we 
may judge from the fize and flburilhing Hate of the black 
cherry in the chiltern part of Buckinghamlhire, on the 
almoft-bare ch,alk rock. 
That fort of orchard which is principally deftined to 
the railing of cherries, is common in the county of Kent, 
in which the common black cherry is moftly cultivated, 
though, according to Mr. Marfhall, it is now on the de¬ 
cline. In Hertfordfhire, about King’s Langley and Wat¬ 
ford, they employ the caroon, and fmail black moreila, 
as the Kentilh will not thrive there at all. In Kent they 
are planted in lines at thediftance of twenty feet afunder, 
but in Hertfordfhire they allow each tree 9 fquare perches 
of land. In about two years after planting, cherry- 
trees begin to bear, and a full-grown tree will produce 
fifty dozen pounds in a good year, and from ten to twen¬ 
ty years fix dozen. The prices vary from ten-pence to 
three (hillings the dozen. They are very beneficial to the 
poor in the quantity of employment which they afford in 
gathering the crop, in' which they are paid from pd. to 8d. 
per dozen pounds. 
Orchards for producing Cider and Perry. 
Orchards in general are fmail inclofures adjoining to a 
boufe, planted without much regard to foii or afpeft, 
merely for the convenience offituation in protecting the 
fruit. But in the cider-counties, and particularly in Here- 
fordfhire, they are difperfed overall parts of the country, 
in various degrees of elevation, and in afpeCts that look 
to every point of the cempafis. They are very extenfive 
alfo in many diltrifts, and form the chief part of the pro¬ 
duce of the countries where they' exift. The manner of 
forming them is Hated above. There are a great many 
varieties of apples and pears made ufe of in thefe orchards. 
It is remarked in the Herefordfnire Report on Agricul¬ 
ture, that the apple and pear trees which form the orchards 
of that difiriC’r, are well known not to be the natural pro- 
dufi'on of any foil or climate, the one being a variety of 
the Pyrus malus, or crab, and the other derived from the 
Pyrus communis, or common wild pear; as fuch, nei¬ 
ther of them are noticed by Linnaeus. The native wild 
crab is fubject to confiderable diverfity in the appearance 
of its leaves, and in the colour, fhape, and flavour, of its 
fruit. It is by I'deeding and cultivating the belt of thefe 
that all our valuable varieties have been produced, and 
by repeated propagation have been preferved for the time. 
This principle was, it is faid, clearly known by' the an¬ 
cients, whether they applied it to the apple or not; as is 
evident from Virgil. And it is added, that Normandy 
and other parts of the continent have occafionally fur- 
nifhed this country with feveral of thefe artificial varie¬ 
ties. It is likewife Hated, that the apple-trees are divided 
into old and new forts ; each clafs comprifes fome called 
kernel fruits, namely, the fruit growing on its native root, 
as a dift: nation from thole produced by tbe operation of 
grafting. The old forts are the more valuable, and are 
thofe which have been long introduced, fuch as the Hire, 
golden pippin, hagloe crab, feveral varieties of the har- 
vey, the brandy-apple, red-fireak, woodcock, moyle, gen- 
Vol. XVII. No. 1209. 
net moyle, red, white, and yellow, niufks, paufon, fox- 
whelp, loan and old pearmains, Dymock red, ten com¬ 
mandments, and others. Some of thefe names are de- 
fcriplive of the fruit, and others are derived from the 
places where they have been firfi found, or found in moH 
abundance. The modern varieties derive their appella¬ 
tions from fuch various and capricious caufes, that a cor- 
re6t 1 iffc cannot be compofed ; in feveral infiances, tbe 
fame fruit bears a different name, even in the fame parifh. 
A regular and fcientific claflification of the whole would 
be, it is fuppofed, a valuable acquifition to our rural 
economy ; and there are at this time perfons of opulence 
and public fpirit fully adequate to fuch an undertaking. 
The pears held in rnofi efiimation, are the fquafh, fo 
called from the tendernefs of its pulp ; the old-field, from 
havinggrown as a feedlingin a field of that name ; the 
huff-cap, from the quantity of fixed air contained in its 
liquor; the bar-land, from fields in the parifh of Bofimry, 
called the Barlands, which were anciently held under the 
tenure of conveying the provifion of the lord, or Bare- 
lands, from their deficiency of produce at fome particular 
period ; the fack pear, from its richnefs ; and the red pear, 
from its colour. Of the more common forts, the long- 
land is,the mofi valuable, and, for the general ufe of the 
farmer, perhaps the belt of any. 
In regard to the cider-fruits, it has been remarked, that, 
as the decay of the old and mofi valuable fruits in Here- 
fordffiire is fo generally acknowledged and lamented, their 
renovation, or the introduction of others equally good, 
cannot be too flrongly urged ; and that the public fpirit 
of the prefent age has not been indifferent on the occa- 
fion, as more endeavours have perhaps been direffed to¬ 
wards this objedt, within the laft twenty years, than du¬ 
ring a century preceding. Grafting, as molt expeditious, 
■has been molt frequently attempted ; but it is prefumed 
that no .mode of grafting hitherto pradtifed has been 
found adequate to the purpofe. The Hioots, being un¬ 
avoidably taken from old trees, flourifh during a few years 
from the vigour of the crab-ltock, and relapfe into all 
the infirmities of the parent tree. On this principle, the 
renovation of tbe old fruits appears impradticable. By 
the general laws of nature, each animated being lives to 
propagate its fpecies, and after a time refigns its place to 
a fucceifor. Mr. Knight obferves, that the branch, from 
which a graft is taken, evidently partakes of the life of 
the tree to which it belongs; and that it is equally evi¬ 
dent, that, when part of a tree is detached, no new life is 
communicated, whether it be ufed as a graft, or. placed to 
emit roots as a cutting: thus a tree, railed from a cutting, 
foon produces fruit in every refpedt fimilar to that of the 
tree from which it was taken. He alfo remarks, that the 
habits of feedling trees are very effentially different; that 
their leaves are fmail and thin ; and that the general ha¬ 
bit changes gradually, affuming annually a more culti¬ 
vated charadler: thus, if a graft be taken from a feedling 
tree of one or two years old, it will retain the charadler, 
and undergo the fame annual change, as the feedling tree, 
whatever be the age of the flock into which it isinferted; 
and that it will remain unprodudtive of fruit or bloffom, 
until the feedling tree has acquired its proper age and 
maturity. Hence he infers, as before mentioned, that 
the cutting mull partake of the life, and confequenrly 
of all the habits, of the original tree. In fupport of this 
theory, lie Hates that a feedling walnut, grafted with a 
part of the bearing branch of an old tree, produced blof- 
lom . t three years old ; that the Spanifh chefhut, under a 
fimilar procefs, blofiomed in the year after it was grafted ; 
and that an annual feion of a mulberry-tree, thus graf¬ 
ted, bore a plentiful crop of fruit (confidering its fize) 
in the third year after, and has continued to bear every 
year fince. The grafts in thefe cafes, Mr. Knight re¬ 
marks, mu ft have carried the nature and habits of the 
parent tree with them; and, if they retain the habits, it 
may fairly be inferred that they retain alfo the fame ;*o- 
greflive tendency to decay. In fhort, a tree, like an ani- 
8 P mal, 
