700 
O R C 
thick. Sunfhine will bring fweetfruits5 fhade, and plung¬ 
ing the roots beyond the influence of genial warmth, will 
produce crude acid juices. 
When the top of a tree feparates by the weight of the 
branches, an iron bolt may be introduced, by boring a 
hole through the upper part of the cleft with a half-inch 
auger; fir ft cutting the bark and fome of the wood 
with a chifel, fo as the head at one end, and the nut 
and fcrew at the other, may be hid under the bark. By 
utlng the medicated tar, the bark will foon grow over 
the iron. 
The orchardift’s tools are two pruning-knives, a faw, 
two chifels, a mallet, a fpoke-fhave, and a painter’s brufli. 
With the chifels and fpoke-fhave work upwards, or the 
bark'will fhiver: the faw muft be coarfe fet, all the other 
tools (Harp and fmooth. The blade-bone of a doe is bet¬ 
ter than the iron of the fpoke-fhave to rub off the rotten 
bark, mofs, &c. 
The foregoing obfervations on pruning, planting, Sec. 
are from the Orchardift, byTho. Skip Dyot Bucknall, efq. 
extracted from the Tranfaftions of the Society of Arts. 
Mr. Marfhall recommends a young orchard to be un¬ 
der the plough, as remarked above; whereas, according 
to Mr. Bucknall, if an orchard be cultivated by the 
plough, little good can be expedted; for, the injuries 
which young trees receive from implements of hufbandry 
bruiiing them before they have got full pofleffion of the 
foil, generally damage them eflentialTy, if they do not 
deftroy them ; and, if by care they fliould furmount thefe 
evils, the crops of corn being regularly carried off the 
land, the ground is fo much impoverifhed, that the trees 
are foon ftinted, and run to mofs 
There is not any culture we are acquainted with, equal 
to hops, for railing an orchard ; and, when the proper 
time comes for grubbing up the hops, the trees may be 
fecured, and the land turned to grazing. It would he 
better not to take up the hops all at once, and to crop the 
vacant land for two or three years with potatoes. Thus 
the trees would continue in better health, by taking away 
the fhelter gradually. Let the agriculture be what it 
may, the land fliould never be ploughed or dug deep di- 
a'eiffly over the roots of a young-planted fruit-tree; for, 
as the roots colledt the heft lap from their extreme points, 
if thofe points be broken off from the upper fide of the 
roots, the tree is compelled to fubfift on nurture drawn 
from the under ftrata, and, confequently, the fap will be 
of a'worfe quality. 
Where hogs and poultry are conftantly running over 
the ground, the trees fejdom fail of a crop, which is the 
beft proof that manure is neceflary. Any manure will 
f’uit an orchard; but the fweepings of cow-houfes, hog- 
yards, flaughter-houfes, dog-kennels, emptying of drains, 
Sec. are more difpofed to facilitate the growth; and pro¬ 
mote the health, of fruit-trees, than manure from the lia¬ 
ble. Watering, in -dry weather, tends much to keep 
trees in health, and to feeure their bearing, by fwelling 
t he buds for t lie next year’s crop ; for, when the buds are 
ftrong at firft coming out, they are not fo liable to blight. 
Where trees are much overrun with mofs, a ftrong man, 
with a good birch-broom, in a wet day, would do great 
execution. On young trees, the beft method of deftroy- 
ing mofs is to rub all the branches, fpring and autumn, 
with a hard fcrubbing-brufii and foap.-fuds, as a groom 
does a horfe’s legs. Canker, in great meafure ariies from 
animalcules; and, where the only objedt is to remove 
this dileafe, hog’s-lard is preferable to tar; but, where 
yvet i to be guarded againft, tar is better. 
The beft foil for an orchard is certainly a fine deep 
loam ; but, if it is a ftrong,clay, chalk, or a cold fharp 
gravel, plant the trees above ground, railing over them 
a little mound yf good frefh mould as large as an exten- 
five ant-hill, lowing the top with white Dutch clover. 
I' is recommended that the rows of trees fliould not 
flan 1 north and fouth, but a point of the compafs to- 
O R C 
wards the eaft ; as the fun will then fhine up the rows 
foon after ten o’clock, which in the fpring will ferve to 
diflipate the vapours collected in the night, and thus pre¬ 
vent the fruit from being ftinted in the early ftages of its 
growth. 
For a fuller account of fome particulars relative to or¬ 
chards, here omitted, fee the articles .under which or- 
chards-trees are particularly treated of, as Pyrus and 
Prunus. See alfo Horticulture, vol. x p.4.09. and 
Husbandry, in the fame volume. Likewife Marlliall’s 
Rural Economy of Gloucefterlhire and the Weft of Eng¬ 
land ; Clarke’s Survey of Herefordfhire, and the Here- 
fordfliire Report prefen ted to the Agricultural Spciety ; 
Miller’s Gardiner’s Didf. Sec. Sec. 
ORCHARDING, /.’ Cultivation of orchards.—All 
land is not fit for orcharding-. Evelyn. 
OR'CHARDIST, f. One who cultivates orchard?.— 
However expert the orchardijl may be, much will depend 
on foil. Tranf. Adelphi Sac. xiii. 
OR'CHESIS, f. in the ancient pantomime, was a term 
given by the Greeks to what the Romans termed Jakatio. 
It confifted in imitating all the geftures and all the move¬ 
ments pradtifed by mankind. Varro tells us, that the 
word, faltatio comes from Sal us, who firft .taught the art to 
the Romans. We mull not, therefore, as is generally 
done, confound the dance with the leap ; but remember 
that the true dance of the ancients was an imitation of 
the adlions, attitudes of the body, geftures, in fhort, of 
all the demonstrations with which men commonly accom¬ 
pany their fpeech, or which they fometimes ufe to ex¬ 
plain their fentiments without the afliftance of words. 
The art was divided into many fpecies, and had pro¬ 
duced among the ancients fuch a number of different 
dances, that Meurfius compofed an entire dictionary with 
their names. And it was, of all the mufical arts, that of 
which the ancients were moft paftionately fond, and which 
was of the greateft utility in every ftate of life, from the 
ftrolling-player to the orator. Apuleius has left us a ds- 
feription of a reprefentation of the Judgment of Paris, 
executed in pantomime. He only ufes the word to march , 
and fays, that Venus declaimed-with her eyes. So that the 
ancients feldom boafted of feats of adtiviry with the legs 
and feet of their dancers ; but often with their arms and 
hands. See the article Mime, vol. xv. p. 409. 
ORCHESOG'RAPHY, J. [from the Gr. a 
dance, and to write.] A treatife on dancing; a 
book of dances Ajh. 
ORCHES'FRA, or Or'chestre, J’. Gr. from 
o£p£Ejo-Sai, to dance; the Grecian orcheftra being the 
places in which dances were publicly peiformed; and 
orchejira (which form of the word is not noticed by Dr. 
Johnfon) was at firft ufed by us in this fenfe. Sir John 
Davies publilhed, in 1599, a poem on the antiquity and 
excellency of dancing, entitled Oreh/Jlra.'] A place for 
public exhibition ; the place where the muftcians are fet 
at a public lliow ; the band of muficians.—Praife but or- 
chejlra, and the Ikipping art. Mar(Inn's Sat. —When ths 
orcheftre interrupts, as it frequently does, either the reci¬ 
tative or the air, it is in order either to enforce the erfedlt 
of what had gone before, or to put the mind in the mood 
which fits it for hearing what is to come-after. A. Smith, 
on the Iniit. Arts. 
Devotion, when lukewarm, is undevout; 
But when it glows, its heat is Struck to heaven; 
To human hearts her golden harps are ftrung; 
High heaven’s orchejira chaunts Amen to man. 
Young's Night Thoughts. 
The orcheftra, among the Greeks, made a part of the 
feena, as the dances were performed there ; but on the Ro¬ 
man theatres it did not, as none of the aflors went down to 
the orcheftra, which was taken up with feats for the fe- 
nators, magistrates, veftals, and other perfous of dilfino- 
tion ; anfwering, nearly, to the pit in our theatre. 
