784 
O R O 
O R O 
near Beccles in Suffolk, by James Sherard, M.D. in the 
Ifleof Sheppy, and near Feverfham and Rochefter in Kent, 
about Glaftonbury, and in Devo'nfhire and Hampfhire, by 
Hud Ton ; in hemp-fields near Wifbeach, by Relhan ; and 
at Outwell, ip Norfolk ; Brome, near Bungay in Suffolk, 
on the firfirof September, 1784, by Mr. Woodward. Mr. 
Sutton remarks, that it was probably introduced into 
England with hemp; and lie has not known it to be 
found in any other than a rich light moift foil, fuch as 
hemp generally grows in. He doubts whether O. ramofa 
of Ofbeck be the fame with ours. 
16. Orobanche timSloria, or Arabian broom-rape : Item 
quite fimple, imbricate; calyxes quinquefid, blunt ; co¬ 
rollas quinquefid ; lobes quite entire. Stem a fpan high 
or more, the thicknefs of the little finger, fmooth, co¬ 
vered with fcattered ovate-lanceolate fmooth fcales, the 
uppermost broader, fometimes acuminate. Spike three 
inches long, thick. Native of Arabia and Barbary. 
17. Orobanche Virginiana, or Virginian broom-rape: 
Hein branched ; corollas four-toothed. From a thickifli 
root, compofecl of fcales with fibres annexed, arife feven 
or eight llalks, a long fpan in height, fiender, hard, and 
woody, with {harp and fcarcely-confpicuous fcales, one of 
which is placed as a brafle to each flower, Flowers ob¬ 
long, of an obfolete colour, covering the ftem from the 
very root. Seeds round, pale-yellow, very frnall. Sent 
by Handler from Virginia. 
18. Orobanche uniflora, or one-flowered broom-rape: 
flem one-flowered ; calyxes naked. Stem of a fhining 
red. Flowers frnall, confining of fix petals, five of which 
are red, and the fixth white, without any fpots ; capfule 
yellow. But Linnaeus fays, that the flower is pale-blue, 
and hanging down. Native of Virginia, where it flowers 
in October. There are many other North-American Oro- 
banches in the Supplement to Ray’s Hiflory, found there 
by Dr. Krieg, Banifter, and Vernon. 
19. Orobanche iEginetia, or Indian broom-rape: flem 
one-flowered; flower fubfpathaceous. Stems quite fimple, 
llrifl, round, with three lines, without any leaves, ter¬ 
minated by one flower. A fpatbe invefts the flower. 
This plant was called AEginetia by Linnaeus in the firffc 
edition of the Sp. Plant, but referred to Orobanche in the 
fecond. The calyx coniifls of one leaf, burfting late¬ 
rally, as reprefented at fig. 2. in the Engraving, from 
Roxburgh, who flill calls it iEginetia. It is a native of 
Malabar. See Hyobanche, Latkr^a, Monotropa, 
Oeolaria, Ophrys, Orchis, and Tozzia. 
OROBANCHOi'DES. See Monotropa. 
OROBET', or Arobet, a feaport-town of Ruffia, in 
the province of Tauris, on the borders of the Sea of 
Azoph. In 1771, it was taken from the Turks by the 
Ruffians, and moll of the garrifon put to the fword. It 
is fixty miles fouth-eall of Perekop. Lat 45. 24. N. Ion. 
35. 14. E. 
ORO'BIO (Ifaac), a famous Jewifh phyfician and con- 
troverfial writer in the feventeenth century, was a native 
of Spain, where his parents made profeffion of the Ro¬ 
man-catholic faith, though they were fecretly attached to 
the religion of their forefathers. Having given him the 
Chriftian name of Balthazar, they carefully educated him 
in their own principles, teaching him betimes to dif- 
femble like themfelves. He lludied the fcholaflic philo- 
fopby as it was then taught in Spain, in which he be¬ 
came fuch an adept, that he was made reader of meta- 
phyfics in the univerfity of Salamanca. Afterwards he 
applied to the fludy of medicine, and praflifed as a phy¬ 
fician at Seville. Here his caution fo far forfook him, 
that he excited fufpicions of his being a jew, and was 
thrown into the prifon of the inquifition, where he was 
confined more than three years, during which he under¬ 
went the moll horrible tortures in order to extort from 
him a confeflion. According to bis own account, he was 
fliut up in a dungeon where lie had fcarcely room to turn 
bimfelf, and fuff’ered fo many hardfbips that his under- 
ftanding began to be difturbed. Frequently he would 
afx. himfelf, “ Ain I indeed that Don Balthazar Orobio, 
who walked at his pleafure about Seville, was fo much at 
his eafe, and who had a wife and children ?” Sometimes he 
thought that his pad life was nothing more than a dream, 
and that the dungeon where he lay was the place of his 
birth, as, to all appearance, it would prove the place of 
his death. At other times his mind would be occupied 
in forming metaphyfical arguments, and in refolving 
them; when he fullaitied the different parts of opponent, 
refpondent, and moderator, at the brae time. In this 
manner he palfed his time for three years, during which 
he was repeatedly examined, and exhorted to confeflion, 
but conftantly denied that he was a Jew. 
At length it was determined to put him to the quef- 
tinn, the manner of which lie related himfelf to Lim- 
borch, from vvhofe account we {hall lay fome particulars 
before our readers. From his dungeon lie was taken one 
evening, through feveral winding paflages, to the place of 
torture. This was a large fubterraneous vaulted room, 
with the walls covered with black cloth, and lighted 
with candles fufficient to difplay the horrors of the fcene. 
At one end of the room there was an inclofed place, 
where the inquifitor and notary fat at a table, who ad- 
monifhed him to confefs the truth, before his torments 
began. When lie anfwered that he had told the truth, 
the inquifitor gravely protefted that, fince he was fo ob- 
ltinafe as to fuller the torture, the holy office would be 
innocent if lie ffiould flied his blood, or even expire under 
liis torments. Upon this they put a linen garment over 
his body, and drew it fo very clofe on each fide, as nearly 
fqueezed him to death. When he was almoil dying, they 
flackened at once the fides of the garment, and, after he 
began to breathe again, the Hidden alteration created to 
him the mod grievous anguiffi and pain. After lie had 
overcome' this torture, the admonition was again re¬ 
peated that he fliould confefs the truth. Upon his per- 
fifling in his denial, they tied his thumbs fo very tight 
with frnall cords, that the extremities of them were 
greatly fwelled, and the blood burfh out from under the 
nails. After this he was placed with his back againfl a 
wall, and fixed upon a little bench. Into the wall were 
failened little iron pulleys, through which cords were 
drawn, and carried round his body in feveral places, 
efpecially his arms and legs. The executioner, drawing 
tbefe cords with great force, failened his body with them 
to the wall; fo that his hands and feet, and particularly 
his fingers and toes, being bound fo tightly with them, 
he was put to the moil exquifite pain, and had a fenfa- 
tion as though he were diffolving in flames. In the 
midft of thefe tortures, the executioner fuddenly drew 
the bench from under Orobio, fo that he hung by the 
cords without any thing to fupport him, and by the 
weight of his body rendered Hii 1 tighter. After this, a 
new kind of torture iucceeded. The executioner, taking 
an inllrument like a frnall ladder, made of two upright 
pieces of wood, and five crofs ones fharpened in front, 
placed it before the prif'oner, and, by a peculiar motion, 
ilruck it with great violence againfl both his thins, fo 
that he received on each of them at once five violent 
llrokes, which put him to fuch intolerable anguifli that 
he fainted away. After he came to himfelf, they inflifted 
on him the lull torture. This was done by the execu¬ 
tioner’s tying cords about his wrifls, and then throwing 
them over his own back, which was covered with leather 
to prevent him from hurting himfelf. Thus prepared, 
the executioner threw himfeif backwards, and, putting 
his feet up againfl the wall, drew the cords with all his 
might, till they cut through Orobio’s flelh even to the 
very bones: and this torture was repeated thrice, the 
cords, after the firft time of inflifting it, being tied about 
the diftance of two fingers’ breadth from the former 
wound, and drawn with the fame violence. While the 
executioner was applying this torture.the fecond time, it 
happened that the cords Aid into the firft wound, which 
occalioned fo great an effufion of blood, that the prifoner 
feemed 
