os o v e 
and back, e, e, e, c, are baking-tins. D, the cirtder-hole. 
Fig. 6. is a baker’s oven, fimilar in conllruilion to the 
former one; but with thefe exceptions : it is four feet 
long, two deep, and two and a half high, with three ovens, 
two of which are regulated, by ventilators at bottom. 
L, L, is an open chamber, to prevent too great or fudden 
heat from the fplitter. Fig. 8. the ventilator, which is- 
turned by the handle /', to enable «■ to admit or l'ecure 
any quantity of air. Fig. 9. the large valve, which is 
placed in the chimney G, and ails as a damper, to gra¬ 
duate the heat to the hot-clofet; it is made vvitlf’fheet- 
iron, like the oven, the (ize of the oven-pipe, turned by 
a ftrong thick wire handle in its centre. Fig. 10. is on 
the lame conftruilion, except being clofed at the top, with 
holes in the Tides already fpecified, and rendered, when 
down, air-tight by two pieces of iron on each fide, i, i. 
The fplitter is formed of ifieet-iron, as in fig. 7. The fize 
of the oven may be varied as circumftances may require. 
Admiral fir Ifaac Coffin, bart. obtained a patent, in 
March 1810, for what he defignates a perpetual oven. 
This oven is made of an oblong form, of fufficient length 
and breadth for the purpofe intended, and may be formed 
of any material which will bear fire. A chamber in which 
the bread, &c. is baked, extends from end to end of the 
oven,-and is open at both ends; that of the oven in¬ 
tended to bake fea-bifcuit is twenty feet long, and four 
feet wide; it is ten inches high at the end fartheft from the 
grate, where the fire is made, and decreales to fix inches 
m height at the end next the grate; but the dimeufions 
vary according to the mature of the article to be baked. 
This chamber is heated by flues, one of which pafles above 
and the other beneath it, the fire-places of which are 
placed on each fide of the fame end of the oven, and are 
of fucli forms and dimenfions as the heat wanted, and the 
fuel ufed, may require; and, beneath this chamber, a paf- 
fage is made the whole length of the oven, open at both 
ends. Near each end of the oven is placed a roller of 
call-iron, in a horizontal pofition, of about three feet in 
diameter, as long as the heated chamber is broad, and 
fupported on its axis by frames of iron or wood. Over 
thefe rollers pafles an endlefs web of wire-cloth, of iron 
or other metal, of fomewhat open texture, and rather 
coarfe and ftrong, of nearly the breadth of the heated 
chamber, which it traverfes near its floor, and returns 
through the open paflage beneath it; it is kept from rub¬ 
bing on the floor of the heated chamber by iron friilion- 
rollers of two or three inches in diameter, and from fix to 
twelve inches apart, lying acrofs the chamber, and having 
their axes on an iron frame. When this oven is ufed, it 
is firft brought to a fufficient heat by means of the flues 
defcribed, the bifcuit or bread is'then placed on the end¬ 
lefs web or wire-cloth, at the fartheft end from the fires ; 
and, by turning the roller near the fire-place flowly, it 
pafles on with the web into the heated chamber, and, by 
properly proportioning the llownefs of the motion to the 
degree of heat, which experience will foon teach, the 
bread will come out, at the end where the fire-places are, 
fufficiently baked, and may be either taken off or differed 
to fall off. Freflx bifcuits or bread muft be continually 
laid on the wire-cloth as it enters, fo that a conftant fuc- 
ceffion may be kept up. A very light door of ftieet-iron, 
or other metal, may be hung at each end of the heated 
chamber from the top, fo as to prevent the efcape of much 
heat, and not to interfere with the entrance and exit of 
the wire-cloth and fubftances laid on it. The ceiling of 
the heated chamber rifes gradually from the end next the 
fire to the oppofite end, where the bread enters, for the 
purpofe of facilitating the ilfue of the fleam from the 
bread or bifcuit at the end at which they enter. Cord- 
wood is the belt fuel to ufe upon the grates; but peat or 
coke, or any kind of fuel which yields little fmoke, may 
alfo be ufed. Coals, which generate much foot, would too 
foon choke up the flues, and prevent the heat from pene¬ 
trating into the chamber. In fmall ovens the endlefs 
O V E 
web may be difpenfed with, and a wire-cloth ftretched 
upon a light frame of iron, of the length of the oven, be 
ufed, which, with the bread, &c. placed upon it, is to be 
pufhed in at the fartheft end from the fire, and to be gra¬ 
dually advanced to the other end, at which it is as gradu¬ 
ally withdrawn. 
The patentee Hates, that, by this mode of baking, time, 
fuel, and labour, are faved, and the bread is better baked, 
a3 it experiences the lowed degree of heat when it firft 
enters the oven, and regularly advances to a hotter fitua- 
tion, as it dries and is better able to endure it : the drying 
is alfo facilitated by the efcape of the fleam at the end of 
the chamber where the bread enters, inflead of being con¬ 
fined, as in the common oven ; and the bread or bifcuit, 
lying on the open wire-cloth, has the heat admitted freely 
to all its parts: by this means it is dried fooner when it 
leaves the oven, and will keep longer. The baker has it 
alfo in his power to roll the bifcuit, &c. out of the oven 
the inftant he difcovers it to be done enough : he may 
keep the heat of the oven regulated to a proper degree by 
means of thermometers, and a judicious management of 
the fires. 
The principal objeilion to the above-defcribed appa¬ 
ratus, would arife from the liability of the wire-cloth to 
be broken and dellroyed, by the frequent bending which 
it muft experience in palling round the rollers. But it is 
probable that this might be remedied, by putting the 
wire-web in narrow frames of iron, conneiled together 
fide-ways by rings, and ufing polygonal prifms, in the 
place of the cylindrical rollers, with tides of a fit fize each 
to receive one of the frames. 
OUEN-CA'I, a city of China, of the fecond rank, in 
Koei-tcheou. Lat. 27. N. Ion. 106. 20. E. 
OUEN-TCHANG', a town of China, of the third 
rank, in the ifle of Hai-nan: thirty-two miles fouth-eaft 
of Kiong-tcheou. 
OUEN-TCHEOU', a city of China, of the firft rank, 
in Tche-kian, on a river, with a good harbour, not far 
from the fea: 765 miles fouth-eaft of Pekin. Lat. 28. i.N. 
Ion. 120.29. E. 
OUEN-TCHUEN', a town of Corea: eighty-five miles 
north-eaft of King-ki-tao, 
OUEN-Y', a town of Corea: twenty miles fouth-fbuth- 
weft of Ou-tcheou. 
OUEN-YEN', a town of Corea : thirty-three miles 
fouth-fouth-weil of Ou-tcheou. 
OV'ENDEN, a village in the weft riding of Yorkfhire,with 
about 4513 inhabitants : two miles north-weft of Halifax. 
OIJENS-OUEP, a town of Corea: forty miles weft- 
north-weft of Ou-tchuen. 
OU'EPAS, a town of Mexico, on the coaft of Coda 
Rica, fouth of Carthago. 
O'VER hath a double fignification in the names of 
places, according to the different fituations of them. If 
the place be upon or near a river, it comes from the Saxon 
oppe, “ a brink or bank but, if there is in the neigh¬ 
bourhood another of the fame name, diftinguifhed by the 
addition of “ nether,” then over is from the Gothic ufar, 
“ above.” GibJ'on's Camden. 
O'VER, prep, [ufar, Goth.] Above; with refpeil to 
excellence or dignity.-—It will aft’ord field enough for a 
divine to enlarge on, by (hewing the advantages which 
the Chriftian world has over the Heathen. Swift. 
How happy fome o'er other fome can be! 
Through Athens I am thought as fair as (lie. S/iakefpeare. 
High, over all, was your great conduit Ihoivn : 
You fought ourfafety, but forgot your own. Dryden . 
Above, with regard to rule or authority. Oppofed to 
under.— The church has over her bilhops, able to filence 
the failious, no lefs by their preaching than by their au¬ 
thority. South. —Captain, yourfelf are the fitted: to live 
and reign, not over, but next and immediately under, the 
people. Dryden. —Above in place. Oppofed to behm. 
Thrice 
