O U G 
O U G 
The claffical name of this city is Ujjaini, not materially- 
altered in its prefent defignations. It is alfo called Avanti 
in the Puranas, is much venerated by the Hindoos, and 
is one of the mod celebrated for producing great and 
learned men among the cities of India. If Benares has 
been thought to deferve the name of the Athens, Oujein 
may lay claim to the honour of being the Florence, of 
Hindooftan. From this circumftance we have been in¬ 
duced to be more diftufe than is ufual with us in like 
cafes, in our account of this city, which, and the legends 
connefted with it, furntfh ample fubjedts for the defcrip- 
tive and fabulous details of Puranic romance. From 
this fource we dial 1 notice one more tale, or rather a va¬ 
riation of that already given, accounting for one of the 
ancient names of the city ; premifing, however, that fuch 
tales being found in the Puranas, fully prove thofe books, 
a portion of them at lead, to have been written fubfequent 
to the catadrophe that they defcribe. The varied legend 
to which we advert, fays that, the curfe having expired 
in theconfumption of his aflinine difguife, the Gandharva 
afcended to the heaven of Indra; and that his wife, re- 
folving to die, ripped open her belly, took out tiie child, 
and gave it to a rnalini (gardener’s wife) to nurfe. She 
tookit to Ujjaini; and, from the fignal prefervation of the 
child in that city, it obtained the name of Avanti, from 
the Sanfcrit avei, to preferve. 
The city of Ougein appears evidently, both as to name 
and pofition, in the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea as well 
as in Ptolemy, under tlie name of Ozena. Ajialic Re¬ 
searches, vol. vi. 
OUGHT, f. [aphir, that is, a whit, Sax. This word 
is therefore more properly written aught.] Any thing; 
not nothing.—He afked him if he faw ought. Mark viii. 23. 
O Univerfal Lord ! be bounteous dill 
To give us only good ; and, if the night 
Have gatherdl ought of evil, or conceal’d, 
Difperfeit, as now light difpels the dark. Milton's P.L. 
OUGHT, verb imperfc£l; in the fecond perfon ought- 
eft. This word the etymologids make the preterite of 
owe, but it has often a prefent fignification. [Preterite 
of owe.'] Owed; was bound to pay ; have been indebted. 
—Apprehending the occafion, I wili add a continuance 
to that happy motion, and befides give you fome tribute 
of the love and duty I long have ought you. Spelman. 
This blood which men by treafon fought, 
That followed, fir, which to myfelf I ought. Dryden. 
[Preterite of owe, in thefenfe of own.] Had a right to.— 
The knight, the which that cadle ought. SpenJ'er. 
Where is the booty, 
And where is eke your friend which half it ought ? 
SpenJ'er. 
To be obliged by duty.—Know how thou ovgliteft to be¬ 
have. 1 Tim. iii. 15.—Judges ought to remember, that 
their office is to interpret law, and not to make or give 
-Jaw. Bacon. —We ought to profefs our dependance upon 
him, and our obligations to him for the good things we 
enjoy. We ought to publiffi to the world our fenfe of his 
goodnefs with the voice of praife, and tell of all his won¬ 
drous works. We ought to comfort his fervants and 
children in their afflidlions, and relieve his poor diftrelfed 
members in their manifold neceffities; for he that giveth 
alms facrificeth praife. Nelf on. 
She adls juft as iht ought, 
But never, never, reach’d one gen’rous thought. Pope. 
To be fit; to be neceftary.—Tliefe things ought not fo 
to be. James iii. 10.—If grammar ought to be taught, it 
muft be to one that can fpeak the language already. Locke. 
—Applied to perfons, it has a fenfe not eafily explained. 
To be fit or neceftary that he fhould.-—Owg/if not Chrift to 
have fuffered ? Luke. — Ought is both of the prefent and 
pall tenfes, and of all perfons except the fecond fingular. 
OUGH'TER LOUGH'. See Lough, vol. xiii. 
87 
OUGH'TERARD, a fmall poft-tovvn of Ireland, in 
the county of Galway, fituated on Lough Corrib. The 
rocks here are of black and white marble. It is 120 
miles weft by north from Dublin, and about 14. north- 
weft from Galway. 
OU'GHTRED (William), an Englifh divine and 
very eminent mathematician, was born at Eton in Buck- 
inghamffiire, about the year 1573. Having been edu¬ 
cated upon the foundation of thatfchool, he was defied 
thence, in 1592, to King’s College, Cambridge, of which, 
after the regular time of probation, he was admitted 
fellow. Here he applied with great affiduity to the dif¬ 
ferent branches of academical learning, and particularly 
that of the mathematics, to which the bent of his genius 
moft powerfully directed him. He read all the ancient 
authors in this fcience, examining diligently the fagacity 
of their invention, and careful to comprehend the pecu¬ 
liar force and elegance of their demonftrations. While 
he was yet an under-graduate, he invented “An eafy 
Method of Geometrical Dialling," which was not given 
to the public before the year 1647, but was privately re¬ 
ceived with fo much elteem, that Mr. (afterwards Sir 
Chriftopher) Wren, at that time a fcholar of Wadham- 
college in Oxford, immediately tranflated it into Latin. 
This piece was added to the fecond edition of the author’s 
“ Clavis.” In 1596 Mr. Oughtred was admitted to the 
degree of B. A. and in 1599 he commenced M.A. In 
the year 1600, he projected “ A Horizontal Inftrument” 
for delineating dials upon any kind of plane, and for 
working moft queltions which could be performed by the 
globe. An account of this invention he gave to be pub- 
1 i(lied in 1633, together with his “ Circles of Proportion,” 
by William Fofter, who had been one of his pupils. 
About the year 1603, Mr. Oughtred was ordained prieft, 
and prefented to the reflory of Aldbury, near Guildford 
in Surrey; upon which he quitted the univerfity, and 
refided upon his living, diftinguilhing himfelf by the. 
faithful and diligent difeharge of his paftoral duties. 
Here he led a retired and ftudiouslife, feldom travelling 
fo far as London once a-year, his principal recreation 
confifting in a diverfity of ftudies. “ As oft," fays he, 
“ as I was toiled with the labours of my own profeffion, 
I have allayed that tedioufnefs b) r w'alking in the plea- 
fant and more than Elyfian fields of the diverfe and va¬ 
rious parts of human learning, and not of the mathema¬ 
tics only.” So high was his reputation for mathemati¬ 
cal knowledge, that his houfe was continually filled 
with young gentlemen who came thither for his inftruc- 
tions, and many of the chief mathematicians of that age 
owed much of their (kill to him. He alio maintained a 
correfpondence with fome of the moft eminent fcholars 
of his time upon mathematical fnbjedls. In the year 
1614, Mr. Briggs, profeflor of geometry at Grefham-col- 
lege, having met with lord Napier’s newly-publilhed ac¬ 
count of his invention of logarithms, and defigning to 
perfedt his lordfhip’s plan, confulted Mr. Oughtred upon 
the fubjefl, who probably wrote his treatife on Trigo¬ 
nometry about' this time, fince it is evidently formed 
upon the plan of lord Napier’s work. It was not pub- 
liftied, however, before the year 1657, when it appeared 
under the title of “ Trigonometria ; hoc eft modus com- 
putandi Triangulorum Latera et Angulos, ex canone 
matheinatico traditus et demonftratus. Una cum Tabu- 
lis Sinum, Tangent, et Secant.” &c. 4to. and in the fame 
year, an Englifh edition of it was alfo publifhed at Lon¬ 
don, in 4to. In profecuting the fame fubjedt, he in¬ 
vented, not many years afterwards, his inftrument called 
“ The Circles of Proportion,” mentioned above, by 
which all fuch queftions in arithmetic, geometry, aftro- 
nomy, and navigation, as depended upon fimple and 
compound proportion, might be worked; and it was the 
firft fiiding-rule that was projected for thofe ufes, as well 
as thofe of gauging. About the year 1628, Mr. Ought¬ 
red being engaged by the earl of Arundel to become ma¬ 
thematical tutor to his fon lord William Howard, for the 
2 nle 
