103 
O V 
however, much more rapid in its progrefs, in which, in 
addition to fome of the above appearances, a great de¬ 
gree of ftupor comes on in a few days, which is followed 
by total blindnefs, and no foftnefs is ever to be found in 
any part of the fkull or bones of the head. 
The appearances on opening the head in the fir ft of the 
above varieties, are an oval or round bag, which is found 
lying between the brain and the (kull, quite unconnected 
with any of the furrounding parts, generally' fituated be¬ 
tween or beneath the horns. Thefe bags vary much in 
fize, being fometimes no larger than a plum, while at 
others they are as big as a goofe’s egg. They are filled 
with a clear fluid like water, fometimes intermixed with 
a thin cruft, when it is of a glutinous or flimy nature. 
Within, or in the (kins of thele bags, are feen, according 
to fome, many little white bodies, nits, or the ova, of in¬ 
fers. In proportion as the difeafe advances, the bag in- 
creafes in fize, and by its preflure caufes the brain to de- 
creafe, while the (knli immediately over the bag becomes 
foft and dilappears, fo that nothing intervenes between 
it and the integuments of the head. Sometimes, but only 
in thole cafes where no attempt has been made to cure or 
remove it, there are many (mail bags, unconne'Cted with 
each other, diftributed through the brain or cerebral parts. 
In the fecond fort or variety of the difeafe, the water is 
not contained in a bag, but within the fubftance of the 
brain, in certain cavities termed its ventricles, and fome¬ 
times in the hinder parts, where it joins with the fpinal 
marrow, in which cafe it is thought to be quite incurable. 
Hard fubftances or excrefcences growing out«from the 
infide of the (kull, and blows upon the head, occafionally 
produce all tire appearances of real fturdy ; but, in thefe 
cafes, no water is to be found in the parts. The caufe of 
the appearances in this difeafe is therefore, unqueltion- 
ably, preflure on the brain, whether it arife from acciden¬ 
tal contufion, from a bony excrefcence, as in falfe fturdy, 
or from a collection of water, as in the legitimate varieties 
of it, as feen above. What however gives rife to thefe 
collections of water, is not by any means fo well afcer- 
tained. Inflammation of the brain probably precedes its 
effufion in the latter variety of the difeafe ; but the gene¬ 
ration of the hydatids, or water-bags, in the former fort 
or variety, is not at all underftood. The difeafe is not 
contagious; neither is it peculiar to any foil. It gene¬ 
rally affeCts Iheep of the hog kind in the beginning months 
of the fpring and fummer, and is commonly afcribed 
to expofure to tempeftuous weather, without fufficient 
Ihelter. 
In regard to the cure of the difeafe, as the natural ter¬ 
mination of it is invariably fatal, unlefs thofe rare reco¬ 
veries which are fometimes the confequence of accidental 
blows on the head, that probably rupture the bags, be 
excepted ; and more efpecially as the mutton in this 
difeafe is good, the fooner an attempt is made to relieve 
the animal by the proper operation the better; for want 
of which relief, although it is extremely Ample, and not 
unfrequently fuccefsful, thoufands offlieep are fuffered to 
perifti through careleffnefs or ignorance. The cure in 
thefe cafes may be attempted in three different ways; by 
tapping, by trepanning, or by wiring. 
i. Where the bag is feated any-where in the crown of 
the head, fome fuppofe that the moll ready and the gen¬ 
tled method is to tap it in the place where the (kull is foft, 
and to let the water run out. This is mod commonly 
performed by means of an awl, or large corking-pin, 
though an inftrument with a fmall tube in it, termed a 
trocar in furgery, might be eafily contrived and formed, 
which would drain it off in a more complete manner. By 
this operation, if the inftrument be not puftied too far, the 
animal is nothing the worfe, it is faid, whether it recover 
or not. But, what is very remarkable, this plan is not, it 
is faid, fuccefsful on all farms alike, of which many in- 
ftances are known. An old (hepherd has often been 
"heard to remark, that, in the courfe of thirty years’expe¬ 
rience, not one fheep out of twenty which he had tapped 
I S, 
on his own farm had died, while it was very rare that he 
could cure any on fome of the neighbouring ones. He 
conftantly performs it with a corking-pin. Others aflert, 
that, in their neighbourhoods, more fneep have been cured 
by this operation than by any other, in performing which, 
the (beep is advifed to be laid on its back, and the pin to 
be inferted in an oblique manner; if water follow, the 
cure is faid to be certain ; but, even though it (hould not 
follow, provided the bag be pricked into, it is often fuc¬ 
cefsful in removing the difeafe. 
a. In the mode of cure by means of trepanning , and ex¬ 
trafling the bag or cyll, there are feveral circumftances 
to be carefully attended to. The animal being properly 
fecured, and the head placed in the mod convenient po- 
fition, the part to be cut being uppermoft, the (kin is to 
be divided by an incilion an inch and a half in length, 
crofted by another of the fame length at right angles to 
it. The (kull, which is quite foft, is then to be cauti- 
oufly divided in the fame manner, until the bag with the 
fluid in it appear clear at the bottom of the incifion, which 
it commonly does. The foft (kull is now to be turned 
back, or a bit cut out of it, fo as to render the bag com¬ 
pletely vifible. It (hould then be taken hold of by a pair 
of blunt forceps, and gently moved backwards and for¬ 
wards, to loofen it from its connections, which are gene¬ 
rally very (lender. This may alfo be done by means of a 
crow-quill, or any blunt-pointed inftrument, carried fre¬ 
quently round it. The nofe of the animal is now to be 
held, fo as to reftrain its breath, which may force the bag 
from its fituation. The operator is to continue moving 
and pulling it, (lopping the breathing of the (heep at in¬ 
tervals, until it is quite extracted. The (kin after this is 
to be laid neatly down again, and a cloth fpread with tar 
placed and tied over the wound above the dry lint, which 
is folded and laid on it, to prevent either cold in the 
fpring, or flies in the fummer, from injuring it. This is 
to be allowed to remain for two days, when the dreftings 
may be changed, and a bit of cloth fpread with hog’s-lard, 
frelh butter, tar, or fome other ointment, applied on the 
wound. The dreftings (hould be changed every fecond 
day for ten days or a fortnight; after which time, in or¬ 
dinary cafes, it will require no more attention, being ge¬ 
nerally healed up. The (kull grows over it in about a 
month, and it then becomes of the ufual hardnefs; and the 
animal is equally healthy as if no difeafe had previoufly 
exifted. It is faid that the fenfes return after the opera¬ 
tion in a few hours, and that the next day the fliee^ feems 
to be quite relieved. 
3. In refpeCl to the operation of wiring, it is defcribed 
in this manner by Mr. J. Hog. In cale the (kull (hould 
feel foft in the forehead, then the operation mud be per¬ 
formed by thrufting a thick (harpened wire up each nof- 
tril, until it (lop againft the upper part of the (kull. If 
this mode of cure were not well authenticated by expe¬ 
rience and obfervation, it might, it is faid, appear a very 
fevere and dangerous operation or practice, as the wire 
goes quite through the brain in two different places, yet 
a far greater number of (heep are cured in this way than 
by any other. 
OUISCON'SIN. See Ooisconsin, vol. xvii. to which 
account it is proper to add, that this river has a commu¬ 
nication with Fox-river, which, palling through Winne- 
bago-lake, enters Puan-bay in Lake Michigan. On this 
river and its branches refide the Indians of its name, fur- 
niftiing 300 warriors. 
OUITA'NOU, a town and fort of North America, on 
the river Wabafii: fix miles fouth-weft of Kathtippaca- 
nunck. 
OUJULDIN'GA, a town of Bengal: twenty-five miles 
north-eaft of Kifhenagur. 
OUJULIN'KE, a town of Thibet, near Lake Jamdro : 
forty-two miles eaft-fouth-eaft of Kiang-fee. 
OUKAKE'E, a lake of Canada. Lat. 50. 20. N. Ion. 
86 . 30. W. 
OU'KE-SI'MA, an ifland in the Chinefe Sea, near the 
coaft 
