310 PAN 
To PAN, v. a. An old word denoting to clofe or join 
together. Ainfworth. 
PAN, in mythology, the deity who prefided over huntf- 
men, fhepherds, and thofe whofe occupations led them 
to frequent the fields. He was the fon of Mercury, by 
Dryope, according to Homer. Some give him Jupiter 
and Callifto for parents, others Jupiter and Ybis or Oneis. 
Lucian, Hyginus, &c. affirm that he was the fon of Mer¬ 
cury and Penelope the daughter of Icarius ; and that the 
god gained the affe&ions of the princefs under the form 
of a goat, as fhe tended her father’s flocks on mount 
Taygetus, before her marriage with the king of Ithaca. 
Others maintain that Penelope became mother of Pan 
during theabfence of Ulyffes in the Trojan war; and that 
he was the offspring of all the fuitors that frequented the 
palace of Penelope, whence lie received the name of Pan, 
which fignifies “all.” 
Pan was a monfter in appearance. He had two fmall 
horns on his head ; his complexion was ruddy, his nofo. 
flat, and his legs, thighs, tail, and feet, were thofe of a 
goat. His education was entrufted to a nymph of Arca¬ 
dia, called Sinoe; but the nurle, according to Homer, 
terrified at the fight of fuch a monfter, fled away and left 
liim. He was wrapped up in the fkin of beads by his fa¬ 
ther, and carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the gods 
long entertained themfelves with the oddity of his ap¬ 
pearance. Bacchus was particularly pleafed with him. 
When fentback to the earth, Pan chiefly refided in Ar¬ 
cadia, where the woods and the moll rugged mountains 
were his habitation. Though deformed in his fhape and 
features, yet he had the good fortune to captivate Diana, 
and of gaining her favour, by transforming himfelf into a 
beautiful white goat. He was alfo enamoured of a nymph 
of the mountains called Echo, by whom he had a fon 
called Lynx. He likevvife paid his addrefi'es to Omphale, 
queen of Lydia; and it is well known in what manner 
he was received. (See Omphale.) The worfhip of Pan 
was well eftablifhed, particularly in Arcadia, where he 
gave oracles on mount Lycaeus. His feftivals, called by 
the Greeks Ltjcaa, were brought to Italy by Evander, 
and they were well known at Rome by the name of the 
Lupercalia. 
The worfhip and the different fun&ions of Pan, are 
derived from the mythology of the ancient Egyptians. 
According to them, he was one of the generals of Oliris, 
who engaged with Typhon, and whofe army being fitua- 
ted in a valley, all the avenues of which were guarded by 
the enemy, he ordered the foldiers in the night to march 
with loud exclamations, which, being returned in echoes, 
terrified the enemy, and put them to flight; whence they 
fay comes the expreffion of pau-ic terror. But Bochart 
pretends that there is no other reafon for making Pan the 
author of thofe terrors, except that the Hebrew word 
Pan, or Phan, denotea a man under confternation. Dio¬ 
dorus Siculus fays, that Pan was fo much honoured by 
the Egyptians, that his ftatues were to be feen in all the 
temples, and that to his honour they had built in The- 
bais the city of Chemmis, that is, the city of Pan. This 
author, who takes no notice of Mendes in Lower Egypt, 
where that god was in high veneration, adds, that he 
had accompanied Ofiris in his expedition to the Indies, 
together with Anubis and Macedo. We do not learn 
from Herodotus why the Egyptians reprefented the god 
Pan under the figure of a goat; but ancient mythologirts 
aflure us, that they were induced to do this, becaufe Pan, 
having found the gods in Egypt, whither they had fled 
from the giants, advifed them, as the means of preventing 
their difcovery, to clothe themfelves with the figures of 
different animals ; and, as a pattern to them, he himfelf 
affumed that ofa goat. 
Upon the whole, all the Greek fables relating to Pan 
are /hid to amount to thefe particulars : that he was one 
of the eight great gods of Egypt; that he was honoured 
efpecially at Mendes; that his worfhip was brought into 
Greece by the Egyptian colonies ; that he became more 
PAN 
remarkably famous in Arcadia ; that Evander made him 
known in Italy, where he came and fettled with his co¬ 
lony fome years before the Trojan war; and that at laft 
the worfhip of this god was received at Rome with the 
feftivals which were celebrated to his honour. Polyaenus 
attributes to Pan the invention of the order of battle of 
the phalanx, and of the diftribution of an army into the 
right or left wings, or horns, whence, it is laid, he derived 
his horns. The name Pan, which fignifies all, has led 
fome to make him the fymbol of Nature. 
Diodorus makes Pan one of the attendants upon Ofiris 
in his Indian expedition. The fame author, however, 
tells us that he was the leader of a troop of fauns and fa- 
tyrs, or wild and ruftic men, much addifted to finging, 
dancing, and feats of adfivity, who were prefented to 
Ofiris in Ethiopia ; and with whom that prince was fo 
much pleafed, that he retained them in his fervice. He 
was the inventor of the inftrument called the fyrinx or 
fiftula; which invention has given birth to a fable in 
Ovid’s Metamorphofes. 
Pan was regarded by the Egyptians, after his apotheo- 
fis, as the god who prefided over the whole uhiverfe, as 
now, all, or all things, implies. He reprefented nature 
and feftivity, and was god of the woods and fields, 
wholly taken up with the pleafures ofa country life; 
dancing with the fauns and fatyrs, and running after 
the nymphs, to whom he was fuch a terror, that it is fup- 
pofed by fome the word panic is derived f rom panici ter- 
rores, with which thofe who were laid to have feen him 
were feized. Apuleius, however, gives an agreeable de- 
fcription of him. “ By chance the god Pan, happened to 
be leated on a little eminence near a river, and, always 
conftant in his love to the nymph Syrinx, transformed into 
a reed, he taught her to produce all kinds of agreeable 
founds, while his goats were lkippiug round him, and 
feeding on the banks.” 
Lucian defcribes him as the companion, minifter, and 
counfellor, of Bacchus ; a fervant of all worli, having been 
occafionally employed in the capacity of fhepherd, mu- 
fician, dancer, huntfman, and foldier. In fhort, he ferved 
not only as maeftro di capella, to dire ft the Bacchanals, 
but was fo expert in playing upon flutes, and was fuch an 
excellent piper on the fiftula, that Bacchus -was never 
happy without him. We have the authority of the grave 
Virgil, and of the fentimental and pious Plato, for his 
attributes. 
PAN, a city of China, of the fecond rank, in Se- 
tcliuen : thirty-eight miles fouth-fouth-eaft of Pao-ning. 
Lat. 31.2.N. Ion. 106. E. 
PAN-SIEN-ING', a town on the w'eft coaftof the ifland 
ofFortnofa. Lat. 23.56. N. Ion. 119. 52. E. 
PA'NA. See Puna. 
PANACE'A, in mythology, one of the divinities of 
medicine, the daughter of Aifculapius, to whom were 
rendered divine honours, as well as to his other children, 
Hygeia, Thelefphorus, and Jafo. Hence, 
PANACE'A, J\ [from the Gr. irav, all, and aixo;, 
a cure.] An univerfal medicine. — The chemifts pre¬ 
tended, that it was the philofopher’s ftone; the civi¬ 
lians, that it was the moft confummate point of equita¬ 
ble decifion ; and the phyficians, that it was an infallible 
panacea. Warton's Hijl. E. P .—An herb ; called alfo all¬ 
heal: 
There, whether it divine tobacco were. 
Or panachaa, or polygony. 
She found, and brought it to her patient deare. Spenfer. 
PAN'ACES, f. in botany. See Aralia, Heracleum, 
and Laserpitium. 
PANAC'MUS, a mufician, quoted by Ariftides Quin- 
tilianus, whofe definition of mufic agrees entirely with 
that of the Chinefe. “Mufic, (he faid) was not only 
the order and arrangement of founds proper to regulate 
the voice, but was likevvife the regulator of all the har¬ 
mony of nature.” 
4 
PANA'DA 
