311 
P A N 
PANA'DA, or Pan ado, [from pants, Lat. bread.] 
Food made by boiling bread in water.—Their diet ought 
to be very fparing j gruels, panados , and chicken-broth. 
Wifcman's Surgery. 
PANADOU', or Manadou, a bay on the coaft of Cape 
Breton ifland, near the fouth part of the gulf of St. Lau¬ 
rence. 
PANJE'I, in ancient geography, a people of Thrace, in 
the environs of Amphipolis. 
PANZE'TIUS, a celebrated philofopher of the ftoic 
fchool, who flourilhed in the fecond century B. C. was a 
native of Rhodes, and defcended from anceftors who 
had diftinguilhed themfelves in the military tranfaftions 
of the republic. His inclination leading him to the 
ftudy of philofophy, he became a difciple of Antipater 
of Tarfus, an able fupporter of the ftoic fe6t; but he did 
not implicitly admit all the opinions of the Stoics. He 
difliked the ftoic dofitrine of apathy ; was a great admirer 
of Plato, whom he called divine, molt wife, and molt 
holy; and he freely borrowed opinions and fentiments 
from philofophers of every left. From Rhodes he went 
to Athens, where he maintained the reputation of the 
fchool of Zeno, and had many illuftrious difciples. His 
fame having reached Rome, he was induced to viflt that 
city, where his leftures were crowded by the young no¬ 
bility, and he enjoyed an intimate acquaintance with fe- 
veral eminent Romans, particularly Scipio andLaslius; 
and Cicero fays, that his abilities and accompliftiments 
rendered him highly worthy of their friendfttip. Accor¬ 
ding to leveral writers, he accompanied Scipio in fome of 
his expeditions ; particularly, when he was nominated 
ambaffador to the kings and nations in alliance with the 
republic, for theprofefled purpofe of concerting meafures 
for reprefting piracy, and correfting abufes that might 
lead to the interruption of public tranquillity j but with 
the real defign of obtaining information refpe£ting the 
internal government, fentiments, forces, &c. of the king¬ 
doms and nations which were the obje&s of jealoufy or 
cupidity to the Roman fenate. In this defign he is faid 
to have rendered efiential lervice to Scipio ; and he em¬ 
ployed his intereft with this great man, in conferring va¬ 
rious benefits on his fellow-citizens at Rhodes. Panaetius 
appears to have fpent the latter part of his life partly at 
Rome, and partly at Athens ; and he died at the laft- 
mentioned city, but in what year W'e are not informed. 
His works were held in high eftimation by the ancients ; 
but no fragments of them have been preferved to modern 
times. His moral doftrines were, doubtlefs, excellent, 
fince they are fo highly extolled by Cicero. Aftrologi- 
cal predictions, and divinations of every kind, he treated 
with contempts and he feems to have rejected the doc¬ 
trine of the immortality of the foul. Cicero de Off. lib. ii. iv. 
Enfield's Hi ft. Phil. vol. i. 
PANA'GIA, a fmall ifland in the Grecian Archipelago, 
hardly a league in circumference : fixteen miles north- 
well of Santorin. Lat. 36. 39. N. Ion. 2.5. 5. E. 
PANA'GIA, a town of European Turkey, in Roma¬ 
nia : fourteen miles north of Gallipoli. 
PANA'GRA, in ancient geography, a town of Africa, 
in Libya Interior, upon the northern bank of the Niger. 
PANAGUR', a towp of Hindooftan, in Gurry Mun- 
della: ten miles north of Gurrah. 
PANA'IA, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra : four 
miles north of Nicotera. 
PANAM-PAL'CA, in botany. See Myristica. 
PAN'AMA, a province of South America, in the vice¬ 
royalty of New Grenada, bounded on the north by the 
Spanilh Main, on the eall by the province of Darien, on 
the fouth by the Pacific Ocean, and on the weft by Vera- 
gua. This province has been long confidered the moll 
important province of Spain. A branch of the Andes 
runs through its whole .length, the higher fummits of 
which are coLd and barren, but the intervening valleys, 
as well as the low ground, on the Carribean and Pacific 
P A N 
feas, are rich and fertile, but on the eaftern fide generally 
unhealthy. From the centre of the ridge of the moun¬ 
tains of Panama the Southern or Pacific Ocean was firft 
difcovered by Balbao in 1513 ; and the province Hill con¬ 
tinues the moll ealy point of communication between 
Europe and Peru. This route is accomplilhed by afcen- 
ding the river Chagre from its mouth, near which is fort 
San Lorenzo, to the fmall town of Cruces, where the river 
ceafes to be navigable. There is then an afcent by a 
road, practicable only for horfes and mules, to the top 
of the Andes; an afcent fo difficult, that fome cannon 
defigned for Panama, having been carried there, were 
found impoffible to be removed. The diftance from 
Cruces to the city of Panama is only five leagues ; but 
from the acclivities, and the badnefs of the road, it re¬ 
quires twelve hours to perform it. The rapidity of the 
river Chagre is alfo a ferious impediment, when it is full 
of water, fo that this fliort journey frequently occupies 
five or fix days. Mod of the towns and villages of the 
province of Panama are fituated in fmall plains along 
the ihore, the reft of the country being covered with 
enormous and craggy mountains, uninhabited on ac¬ 
count of their fterility. This province contains three 
cities, twelve villages, and a great number of rancheiras, 
or afiemblages of Indian huts. It has alfo feveral gold¬ 
mines, but they are greatly neglefted, the Spaniards clvoo- 
fing rather to apply themfelves to the pearl-filbery, which 
affords a more certain profit, and at the time is acquired 
with much greater eafe. 
The ifthmus of Panama, if in the poffeffion of an enter- 
prifing people, would be a fource of immenfe national 
profperity. A canal Ihould be formed that would unite 
the two feas, with a city at each extremity ; and the com¬ 
mercial advantages would be incalculable. At the bot¬ 
tom of the Bay of Panama, there is an archipelago of at 
leaft forty-three iflands ; between the ifles Del Rey and 
Tobago, the Tea is perfectly fmooth ; and not far from the 
coaft lies a bank, pretty conliderable, that contains the 
objects of the pearl-oyfter filhery. The oyfters here pro¬ 
duce pearls of a very fine water; and fome of them are 
remarkable for their fize and figure. Thefe were for¬ 
merly fold in Europe; but, fince art has imitated them, 
and the paffion for diamonds has prodigioufly diminilhed 
the life of them, they have found a new mart more ad¬ 
vantageous than the firft. Lima is the port to which thefe 
pearls are now conveyed, and from thence they are dif- 
tributed through the provinces of Peru and Chili, where 
they are held in great eftimation. 
All fuch of the inhabitants of Panama and the neigh¬ 
bouring dillrifils as poffefs the competent means, keep in 
their employ, negroes that are in the habit of diving for 
pearls on account of their mailers. They are fent to 
the iflands, where tents and boats are provided for their 
ufe. Eighteen or twenty of thefe unfortunate captives, 
that are expert fwimmers, and conftitutionally long- 
winded, are put under the orders of an infpedlor; and 
thus they proceed to fea, till they find an oyfter-bank 
where the water is not deeper than ten or fifteen fathom; 
Having fixed on an eligible point, they call anchor ; and 
the negroes, throwing round their bodies a cord fattened 
to their boats, and loaded with a little weight, to fink the 
fooner, plunge into the abyfs. When at the bottom, they 
pluck the oyfters; and, placing one under the left arm, 
another in the left hand, a third under their right arm, 
a fourth in their right hand, and another in the mouth, 
they afcend to take breath, and flow their oyfters in a 
fmall fack kept in their boats. Having repofed a little, 
they plunge again, and fo continue their labours, either 
till they are fatigued, or have procured a fufficient num¬ 
ber of oyfters. Thefe diving negroes are obliged to fur- 
nifli daily a certain number of oyfters to their mailers. 
When a negro has fifhed up this number, he opens his 
oyfters in prefence of the inlpeftor, and delivers to 
him the pearls,, great or fmall, perfect or imperfect, 
to 
