312 
PAN 
PAN 
to the fcipulated number; the furplus belongs to the 
negro, who fells them commonly to his mailer at a 
cheap rate. 
Befides the labour and care requifite to detach the oy- 
flers from the bottom of the fea, where they often Hick 
among rocks and Hones, they have dangers to dread from 
the tintoreffas or taburones, fifh of a monltrous fize that 
devour the divers, as well as from an enormous fpecies of 
ray that gripe the divers fo violently as to ftrangle them, 
or, by falling on them with all their weight, crufli them 
at the bottom’of the fea. The diver frequently takes 
with him a fliarp-pointed knife, wherewith to pierce thefe 
fifh, and thus extricate himfelf. The negro infpeflor 
that remains in the boat, when the water is clear, will 
give warning, and often plunge in to the help of the 
diver. Notwithftanding thele precautions, the negroes 
will fometimes come up with the lofs of an arm or a leg, 
and fometimes they lofe their lives in thele perilous en¬ 
counters. 
In the aggregate, this traffic in pearls, gives circulation 
to a capital, the profits of which may be rated at 250,000 
piaftres. 
PANAMA, the capital of the before-mentioned pro¬ 
vince, is a city and fea-port, built on the ifthmus of Darien, 
at the bottom of a large bay of the Pacific Ocean. Thefirft 
difcovery of Panama is afcribed to Tello de Guzman, 
who landed here in the year 1515, when he found only 
filhermen’s huts ; and, from its peculiar appropriation to 
this bufinefs, it was called “ Panama,” denoting a place 
abounding with fifh. In 1518, a colony was efiablifhed 
here under Pedrarias Davila, governor of Terra Firma ; 
and in 1521 this place was confiituted a city. In 1670 it 
was taken and burned by the Englifli adventurer, John 
Morgan; and afterwards rebuilt in its prefent fituation, 
which is much more convenient, about a league and a 
half from the former. Being at firft generally conftru&ed 
of wood, it was almoft wholly deftroyed by fire in 1737, 
and again rebuilt chiefly of Hone. Panama was the feat 
of a royal audience, abandoned in 1752 ; aiid by another 
fire in 1756, and a decline of commerce, it was reduced to 
a miferab'le fituation. Neverthelefs it is Hill a ftrong city, 
the fee of a bifhop, and contains feveral churches and 
convents. The harbour of Panama is formed in its road 
under the Ihelter of feveral iflands, w'here Ihips lie fafe, at 
the diflance of about three leagues from the city. It is 
ilightly fortified, and might be ealily taken by any power 
that pofieffed naval luperiority on the Pacific Ocean. The 
trade of Panama is at prefent inconfiderable: the treafure 
from Peru is indeed in fome degree conveyed through it ; 
but the facility with which voyages round Cape Horn 
are now made, and the freedom of trade which the court of 
Spain extended in 1786, have reduced its commerce very 
confidefably. Its only remaining trade is with the vil¬ 
lages in its jurifdi&ion, and with the province of Veragua, 
the goods being received by Portobello, moftly from Car- 
thagena: the veflels from Peru commonly' return empty. 
The neighbouring mountains produce excellent wood, 
efpecially the molt elteemed mahogany and cedar, with 
many precious balfams. The royal cheft is io poor, that 
it cannot even pay the garrifon, which is now defrayed 
from Carthagena. The trade with Guayaquil is main¬ 
tained by.an eafy and fliort voyage ; the paflage of the line 
being rather accompanied with calms, while in the At¬ 
lantic it is eftcemed dangerous. This circumftance, as 
Pinkerton luggefts, may have led to the name of the 
Pacific Ocean, given, by the Spanifh conquerors of Mexico 
and Peru, before Magalhaens had felt its tempefls. 
This city was almoft deftroyed by fire, for the fourth 
time, in the year 1784.. At prefent the number of in¬ 
habitants is about 16,000, of whom a very large propor¬ 
tion are negro-flaves; and thefe, as we have already ob- 
ferved, are chiefly employed in the pearl-filhery. Lat. 8. 
58.12. N. Ion. 80. 15.15. W. 
PANAMA'O, one of the Philippine Iflands, about fif¬ 
teen miles in circumference, of a triangular form. Lat. 11. 
27. N. Ion. 124.15. E. 
PANAMAR'IBA, a river of Guiana, which runs into 
the Atlantic in lat. 6. N. 
PANAMBU'-VAL'LI, in botany. See Flagellaria. 
PANAMGOO'DY, a town of Hindooftan : twenty-five 
miles fouth of Tinevelly. 
PANA'MOS, a mountain of Peru, in the diocefe of 
Truxillo. It is part of the Andes. 
PANANGOO'DY, a town of Hindooftan : eighteen 
miles fouth-eaft of Madura. 
PANANICH', a village of Scotland, in Aberdeenlhire, 
noted for its medicinal fprings : thirty-eight miles weft 
of Aberdeen. 
PANA'ON, or Panahan, one of the Philippine Iflands, 
about forty-five miles in circumference; mountainous, 
and watered by a great number of fmall rivers: it is but 
thinly inhabited. Lat. 10. 7. N. Ion. 125.12. E. 
PANAOUETICK', a river of Canada, which runs into 
the Saguenay in lat. 48. 24. N. Ion. 70. 55. W. 
PANA'ftA, in ancient geography, a town of Arabia 
Felix, in the ifle of Panchsea. 
PANARA'GA, a town of the ifland of Java, and capi¬ 
tal of a kingdom iituated on the fouthern fide of the 
ifland : fixty miles eaft of Mataram. 
PANARCOU'CIil, a town of Hindooftan, in the Car¬ 
natic : fixteen miles Cuddalore. 
PANA'RD (Charles-Francis), an ingenious French 
poet, was born about 1690 at Courville near Chartres. 
He occupied a fmall poll in a public office, when the a£tor 
and comic writer, Legrand, having heard a vaudeville of 
his compofition, found him out, and encouraged him to 
write for the ftage. From that time he became the author 
of a number of dramatic pieces of the light and humorous 
kind, which w’ere generally well received, and molt of 
which are ftill occafionally reprefented. He alfo excelled 
in fongs, epigrams, madrigals, and efpecially in the vaude¬ 
ville, which is a kind of fatirical ballad, very popular in 
France, and often introduced upon the theatre. His 
fatire was never perfonal, but was direfled agaiiift vice 
and folly in general, without marking out individuals. 
He had the uncommon art of allying fome ufeful moral 
to his gayeft compositions; and his works are ftafnped 
with facility, nature, fentiment, wit, and good lenle; but 
are occafionally negligent, prolix, and incorre6L He was 
uneducated, and drew all from his own fources. Full of 
vivacity to an advanced age, philofophical and content 
with little, he doled his life in 1765, in the feventy-fifth 
year of his age. The works of this author, under the title 
of “Theatre et Qiuvres diverfes de M. Panard,” were 
printed at Paris in 4V0IS. 1 imo. 1763. NecrolugeFrancois. 
PANARE'TUS, adj. [From the Gr. wav, all, and 
virtue; but not ufed.] Containing all virtues. Cute. 
PANA'RIA, a town of Pruflia, in Oberland : five 
miles fouth of Libftat. 
PANA'RIA, one of the Lipari Iflands, Iituated between 
Lipari and Stromboli, in the Tufcan Sea. It is only five 
miles in circumference; and the foil is barren. Lat. 38. 
40. N. Ion. 15. 21. E. 
PANA'RO, a river of Italy, which rifes in the fouth 
part of the duchy of Modena, and runs into the Po near 
Bondeno, in the Ferrarefe. 
PANARUCAN', or Panarocan, a town of the ifland 
of Java, on the north coaft; and capital of a kingdom fo 
called, near the eaftern part of the ifland. The principal 
commerce is in Haves and long pepper: a confiderable ■ 
number of Portuguefe are mixed with the inhabitants. 
Lat. 7. 30. S. 
PANA'SA, or Pf nassa, in ancient geography, a town 
of India, on this fide of the Ganges, and on its bank. 
This is the Panna/i or Par mi. which fee. 
PANASRES'TI, a town of Turkilh Armenia : twenty- 
eight miles north-weft of Cars, and feventeen fouth-weft 
of Ardanoudjee. 
PAN'AT, 
