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PAN 
PANTHE'A, f. [Greek.] Among the ancients, were 
fingle ftatues, composed of the figures, or fymbols, of fe- 
vei;al different divinities combined. 
Father Joubert, who has obferved them on feveral me¬ 
dals, fays their heads are moll commonly adorned with 
the fymbols or attributes belonging to feveral gods. An 
inftance of this kind we have in a medal of Antoninus 
Pius; which at the fame time reprefents Serapis, by the 
buftiel it bears ; the Sun, by the crown of rays ; Ju-piter 
Ammon, by the ram’s horns; Piuto by the large beard ; 
and ZEfculapius, by the ferpent twitted in his hand. 
M. Baudelot, in a diflertation on the Lares, will have 
the Pantheato have had their rife from the fuperftition of 
thofe, who, taking feveral gods for the protestors of their 
lioufes, united them all in the fame llatue, by adorning it 
with the feveral fymbols proper to each of thefe deities. 
PANTHE'ISM, [from the Gr. all, and ©so;, God.] 
A philofophical fpecies of idolatry, in which the Univerfe 
vvas confideredas the Supreme God. Who was the in¬ 
ventor of this fyltem is, perhaps, not known ; but it was 
of early origin, and differently modified by different phi- 
lofophers. Some held the univerfe to be one immenfe 
animal, of which the incorporeal foul was properly the 
God, and the heavens and earth the body of that God; 
whilft others held but one fubftance, partly adlive and 
partly paffive ; and therefore looked upon the vifibie uni¬ 
verfe as the only Namcn. 
The earlielt Grecian pantheift of whom we read was 
Orpheus, who called the world the locbj of God, and its 
fevpral parts his members, making the whole univerfe one 
divine animal. In the ancient Orphic theology we are 
taught, that this univerfe, an^l all things belonging to it, 
were made within God ; that all things are contained to¬ 
gether in the womb of God ; that God is the head and 
middle of all things ; that he is the balls of the earth and 
heaven ; that he is the depth of the fea, the air we breathe, 
the force of the untameable fire ; that he is the fun, moon, 
and liars; that there is one divine body ; for, \\a.H\a. ya.p 
tcc ot < 7 U[/.ciU v. sirai, “All thefe things lie in the 
great body of God.” 
But, further to prove that the mod ancient Greek phi- 
lofophers refolved all things into God, and made God all, 
we {hall cite a molt remarkable palfage from Plutarch’s 
Befedl of Oracles: “ Whereas there are two caufes of all 
generations, the divine and the human, the moll ancient 
theologers and poets attended only to the more excellent 
of thefe two; refolving all things into God, and pro¬ 
nouncing this of them univerfally; Zee; Zbv; 
Aioc o" bk imilx 'ntt.orrxi ; ‘ That God is both the begin¬ 
ning and middle, and that all things are out of God ;’ in- 
fomuch, that they had no regard at all to the other natu¬ 
ral and necelfary caufes of things. But on the contrary, 
their juniors, who were called vaturalijis, deviating from 
this moll excellent and divine principles, placed all in 
bodies, their paliions, collilions, mutations, and com¬ 
mixtures.” 
That by “ the moll ancient theologers” here men¬ 
tioned, Plutarch meant Orpheus and his immediate fol¬ 
lowers, is plain from'the Orphic verfe by which he proves 
their antiquity. By their “juniors,” whom he calls va- 
turalijls , he could mean no other than the firll Grecian 
philofophers, Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Hippo, 
who were followed by theatomifts, Leucippus, Democri¬ 
tus, Protagoras, and Epicurus. But, with relpedl to the 
Univerfe being God, and all things divine and human 
being modifications of mere matter, the Stoics undoubt¬ 
edly agreed with Anaximander and his followers; for the 
fichool of Zeno held but one fubftance. This dodtrine, 
that all things are God, and that there is but one fub¬ 
ftance, was revived in modern times by Spinoza, an apof- 
tate Jew. As we (hall give a life of him and a view of his 
principles, we mull refer the reader for a fuller account 
to the article Spinoza. 
PANTHE'IST, J\ One who confounds God with the 
univerfe; a name given to the followers of Spinofa. See 
Pantheism, 
PAN 
PANTHEIS'TIC, adj. Confounding God with the 
univerfe.—Let any one but ferioully conlider the pantheij- 
tirh fyftem, whether it be not as wild enthufiafm as ever 
was invented and publifiied to the world. It fuppofes 
God and Nature, or God and the whole univerfe,’to be 
one and the fame fubftance, one univerfal being; info- 
much that men’s fouls are only modifications of the divine 
fubftance ■ from whence it follows, that what men will, 
God wills alio, and what they fay, God fays ; and what 
they do, God does. Was there ever any raving enthuiiaft 
that difeovered greater extravagance ? This dodtrine firft 
owed its birth to Pagan darknefs, and revived afterwards 
among the Jewilh cabbalilts : from thence it was handed 
down to Spinofa, who was originally a Jew; and from him 
it defeended to the author or authors of the Pantheifticon ; 
who, while they are themfelves- the greateft vifionaries in 
nature, yet fcruple not to charge theChriftian world with 
enthufiafm. Water land's Chriftianitij Vind. 
PANTHEOLO'GIA, or Pantheol'ogy, f. [from the 
Greek rrao, all, Q=oc, God, and Aoyoj, a word.] An entire 
lyllem or body of divinity. 
PANTHEOLO'GIST, J\ A ftudent in divinity, one 
who writes a fyftem or body of divinity, 
PANTHE'ON,_yi [Greek; from war, all, and &so;, god.] 
A temple, or church, of a circular form ; dedicated to all 
the gods, or to all the, faints. We {hall mention a few of 
the molt remarkable edifices of this kind. 
i. The Pantheon of ancient Rome is of all thefe edi¬ 
fices the moll celebrated, and that from which all the reft 
take their names. It was built by Agrippa, fon-in-!aw of 
Auguftus, in his third confulate, twenty-five years before 
Chrift; though feveral antiquarians and artifts have fup- 
pofed that the Pantheon exifted as long ago as the com¬ 
monwealth, and that Agrippa only embellilhed it and 
added the portico. To this purpole they allege the au¬ 
thority of Dion Caflius, who, fpea’xing of Agrippa, fays, he 
alio finifned or perfefted the Pantheon. It was dedi¬ 
cated by him to Jupiter Ultor, Jupiter the Avenger, ac¬ 
cording to Pliny’s account; according to Dion C tlfius, to 
Mars, Venus, and Julius Ctefar ; but, according to the 
moll probable opinion, to all the gods; and had the name 
Pantheon, on account of the great number of ftatues of 
the gods ranged in feven niches all round it; and becaufe 
it was built of a circular form, to reprefent heaven, the 
refidence of the gods ; or becaufe it was dedicated to “ all 
the gods.” It had but one door. It was 144., or, as 
Fabricius fays, 140, feet diameter within, and juft as much 
in height, of the Corinthian order. The roof was curi- 
oufly vaulted, void {paces being left here and there for 
greater ftrengtb. The rafters, forty leet long, were 
plated with brafs. There were no windows in the whole 
edifice ; but fufficient light was let in through a round 
hole in the top of the roof. Before each niche were two 
columns of antique yellow marble fluted, and of oneentire 
block. The whole wall of the temple, as high as the 
grand cornice inclufive, was cafed with divers forts of 
precious marble in compartments ; and the frieze was 
entirely of porphyry. The ouffide of the front was an¬ 
ciently covered with plates of brafs gilt, and the top with 
plates of filver, in lieu of which lead was afterwards fub- 
llituted. The gates were of brafs, and of extraordinary 
lize and workmanfliip. 
The eruption of Vefuvius, in the reign of Tiberius, and 
a great fire in the reign of Titus, damaged the Pantheon 
very confiderably: but it w'as fucceflively repaired by 
Domitian, Adrian, and Septimius Severus : and it fub- 
iilled in all its grandeur till the incurfion of Alaric, in the 
time of Honorius : on this occafion it was ftripped of fe¬ 
veral of its ftatues and ornaments of gold and filver. 
About thirty-nine years after this, Genferic, king of the 
Vandals, took away part of its marbles and ftatues: at 
length pope Boniface IV. obtaining this Pantheon of the 
emperor Phocas, converted it into a church, without any 
alteration in the building; and dedicated it to the Virgin, 
and all the martyrs. And it ftill lubfilts at Rome under 
the title of Notre Dame de la Rotonda. 
4 
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