368 
PAPER. 
peftles, work fide by fide in each mortar, and are lifted al¬ 
ternately by the mill : they are fometimes made in the 
fame manner as the Hampers of an oil-mill, to lift perpen¬ 
dicularly. In other mills they are large hammers moving- 
on a centre like a fulling-mill, and lifted by cogs upon 
the mill-fnaft in the fame manner. The mortars are kept 
conftantly fupplied with fair water, by little troughs, 
leading from a ciftern, which is kept full by fmall buckets 
affixed to the floats of the water-wheel ; thefe, when they 
have railed the water to the top, pour it out into the cif¬ 
tern in the fame manner as the Perfian wheel, which fee 
under Mechanics, vol. xiv. -p. 761, 2. 
This rude and imperfeCt machine operated very flowly, 
and fuffered a great part of fhe. rags to efcape being re¬ 
duced, whilft other parts were beaten too much. It is 
not now to be met with in England, the engines having 
taken their place, to the great improvement of the paper- 
trade; thefe are turned by water-mills, as they require a 
very great power to a&uate them, though their per¬ 
formance is far greater, with the fame power, than the 
mortars. 
The conftru&ion of an improved Englifh paper-mill, 
funilar to that ufed by Mr. Bigg, is reprefented on the 
annexed Plate. Fig. 1. is the general view, or elevation. 
The wheels in immediate view are of iron ; but the wa¬ 
ter-wheel, which gives the motion, cannot be feen, as it i.s 
fituated beneath the floor ; it is enclofed between the 
walls of the houfe PP, and another wall Q, which is built 
up acrofs the houfe, to fupport the floor? N and O, on 
which the engines ftand : the* wall has arches in it to ad¬ 
mit the water of the ftream to the wheel, a proper gate 
being fixed to regulate its quantity : the axis of the water¬ 
wheel, which is of call iron, comes through the wall Q, 
and has a large cog-wheel B upon it, which is the full fize 
of the water wheel, and by the paper-makers is termed the 
mafter - wheel; the extreme end of the fliaft is fullained in 
a bearing, which lies on a beam GG, fupported on a wall 
ot mafonry. The pinion C, called the wallower, is turned 
by the mafter-wheel B, and on its axis is fixed the large 
fpur-wheel D, called the jty-wliecl, giving motion to the 
two pinions, E, F, of the engines K and L; the fliaft of 
the wheel D and pinion C are fupported at one end in a 
frame H H I, and the other, in a bearing fixed in the wall 
Q. The engines K and L are placed on the floors N and 
Oupon different levels, the bottom of L being higher 
than the top of K, fo that the contents of L may be let 
down through a plug-hole in the bottom. The upper 
engine L is called the wajher, where the rags are firll 
worked coarfsly, with a ftream of water running through 
them to W’affi and open their fibres; after which U'afhing 
they are let down into the beating^engine K, to be ground, 
and reduced to a finifhed pulp, proper for moulding into 
iheets of paper. 
By the arrangement of the wheels of the mill, the cy¬ 
linders of the two engines are contrived to make about 
from 120 to 150 revolutions per minute, when the water¬ 
wheel moves with its proper velocity; though the beat, 
ing-engine revolves much quicker than the waffier, its 
pinion, E, having only 24 teeth, while the waffier, F, has 
28. The great wheel, B, has 196 teeth, and the pinion, 
€,38 teeth; therefore it makes about turns, for one of 
the water-wheel. The wheel D has likewife 196 teeth, 
and turns the waflier, F, of 28 teeth about 36 times, for 
once of the water-wheel, and the beater, E, about 42 
times. M is a cog-wheel, put in motion by the teeth of 
the great wheel B : on the extremity of its fpindle is a 
crank a, which, by a connefting rod, gives a reciprocating 
motion to a lever c d, for the purpofe of working two 
pumps, e,f, which raife water into a ciftern h, drawing it 
from the water of the mill-dam by a fuflion-pipe g. Thefe 
pumps raife up a conftant ftream of fair water, which is 
neceflary to be kept running through the rags in the 
wafhing-engine, to carry aw-ay the dirt feparated from 
them by the operation. 
The ftrufture of an engine is more minutely explained 
by figs 2, 3, 4, 5. fig. 2 being a fe&ion through the length 
of the engine, and fig. 3 a horizontal plan. The large 
vat or ciftern, A A, is of an oblong figure on the outfide, 
the angles being cut off; but the iniide, which t is lined 
with lead, has ftraight fides and circular ends. It is di¬ 
vided by a partition B B, alfo covered with lead. The 
cylinder C is fixed fall upon the fpindle D, which ex¬ 
tends acrofs the engine, and is put in motion, as before ae- 
feribed, by the pinion E, placed on the extremity of it. 
The cylinder is made of wood, and furniffied with a num¬ 
ber of teeth, or cutters, fixed fall on its circumference, 
parallel to the axis, and proje&ing about an inch, as is 
fiiown on a larger fcale at fig. 4. Immediately beneath the 
cylinder, a block of wood, H, is placed, and provided with 
fimilar cutters to thofe of the cylinder, which, when they 
revolve, pafs very near the teeth of the block, but do not 
touch ; the diftance between them being capable of regu¬ 
lation, by elevating or depreffing the bearings on which 
the necks, D, D, of the fpindle are fupported. Thefe bear¬ 
ings are made on two levers, F, F, which have tenons at 
their ends, fitted into upright mortifies, made in ffiort 
beams, G, G, bolted to the fides of the engine. The 
levers, F, F, are movable at one end of each, the other 
ends being fitted to rife and fall on bolts, in the. beams G, 
as centres. The front one of thefe levers, or that neareft 
to the cylinder C, is capable of being elevated or depref- 
fed,by turning the handle of the ficrevv b, which,a.cts in a 
nut fixed to the tenon of F, and comes up through the top 
of the beam G, upon which the head of the ferew takes 
its bearing. Two braffes are let into the middle of the 
levers, F, F, and form the bearings for the fpindle of the 
engine to turn upon. The ferew b is ufed to raife or lower 
the cylinder, and caufe it to cut finer or coarfer, by en¬ 
larging or diminilhing the fpace between the cutters in 
the block and thofe of the cylinder. 
Near K, figs. 2 and 3, is a circular brealling made of 
boards, and covered with flieet-lead : it is curved to fit the 
cylinder very truly, and leaves but very little fpace be¬ 
tween the teeth and breading. An inclined plane, K, 
fig. 2, leads regularly from the bottom of the engine-vat to 
the top of this brealling; and at the bottom of it the 
block, H, is fixed. The engine is fupplied with water by 
a pipe, Q, fig; 3, bringing it from the pump: this pipe de¬ 
livers it into a fmall ciftern, M, adjoining, and communi¬ 
cating with the engine. The pipe has a cock, P, to Hop 
the entrance of the w-ater when required, or to regulate 
the quantity of its difeharge. This ciftern has a grating 
fixed acrofs it, covered with a hair-ftrainer, to catch any 
extraneous matter which may come in with the water ; er 
a flannel bag is fometimes tied over the orifice of the cock 
P, through which all the water mull be filtered. When 
the engine is filled with water, and a quantity of rags put 
in, they are, by the revolution of the cylinder, drawn be¬ 
tween its cutters and the teeth of the block H. This cuts 
them in pieces ; then, by the rapid motion of the cylinder, 
the rags and water are throwm over the top of the breaft- 
ing, upon the inclined plane: in a Ihort time, this raifes 
more rags and w'ater into that part of the engine-vat; and 
the tendency to reftore the equilibrium puts the whole 
contents of the vat in flow motion, down the inclined 
plane K, and round the partition B B, by which they 
come to the cylinder again in about the fpace of twenty 
minutes 5 fo that the rags are repeatedly cut and chopped 
in every direction, till they are reduced to 3 pulp. 
This' circulation is of advantage, in turning the rags 
over in the engine, and caufes them to prelent themfelves 
to the cutters in a different direction every time; for, as 
the cylinder cuts or clips in ftraight lines, in the fame 
manner as a pair of (hears, it is requifite to cut the rags 
acrofs in different directions, to reduce them to a pulp. 
The manner of the cutting is this; the teeth of the block 
are placed rather inclined to the axis of the cylinder, as 
ffiown by fig, 5. but the teeth of the cylinder are parallel 
to its axis; therefore, the cutting edges, when they meet, 
are at a fmall angle, and coroe in contact firll at one end. 
