PAP 
Some attempts have been made to enrich the marbling,by 
mixing gold and filver with the colours ; which fucceeded 
well in many attempts in the French king’s library, though 
the expenfehas hindered the practice from obtaining. 
Papier Mache. —Mr. Boyle firft obferved, that paper, 
befides its common ufes, may be made into frames for pic¬ 
tures, fine emboffed work, and other parts of furniture; 
or into fnufr-boxes, toys, &c. For this purpofe, a con¬ 
venient quantity of cuttings of white or brown paper 
may be fteeped for two or three days in water, till it be¬ 
comes very foft; then, reducing it by the mortar and 
hot water into a thin pulp, it is laid on a fieve to draw off 
.its fuperfluous moifture ; then, putting it into warm wa¬ 
ter wherein a confiderable quantity of.frefh glue or com¬ 
mon fize has been diflolved, it may afterwards be put 
into oiled moulds to acquire the defigned figure ; and, 
when taken out, may be ftrengthened, as occafion re¬ 
quires, with plafter, or moiftened chalk ; and, when dry, 
painted or overlaid with a mixture of fize and lamp-black, 
and afterwards varnifhed. 
Thefe hints have fince been improved into a regular 
manufacture, both in France and England, under the 
name of papier machL The black varnifh for thefe toys, 
according to Dr. Lewis, is prepared as follows : Some co¬ 
lophony, or turpentine boiled down till it becomes black 
and friable, is melted in a glazed earthen veffel, and thrice 
as much amber in fine powder fprinkled in by degrees, 
with the addition of a little fpirit or oil of turpentine now 
and then : when the amber is melted, fprinkle in the fame 
quantity of farcocolla, continuing to ftir them, and.to 
add more fpirit of turpentine, till the whole becomes fluid ; 
then ftrain out the clear through a coarfe hair bag, pref- 
fingit gently between hot boards. This varnifh, mixed 
w ith ivory black in fine powder, is applied, in a hot room, 
on the dried paper pafte ; which is then fet in a gently- 
heated oven, next day in a hotter oven, and the third day 
in a very hot one, and let (land each time till the oven 
grows cold. The pafte thus varnilhed is hard, durable, 
gloffy,' and bears liquors hot or cold. 
Paper Hangings. —There are various kinds of paper- 
hangings, of which fome are made in the reprefentation 
of flucco-work, for covering ceilings, or the tides of halls, 
ftair-cafes, pafiages, &c. and others in imitation of vel¬ 
vet, damafk, brocades, chintzes, or fuch filks and fluffs 
as are employed for hanging rooms. The principal difr 
ference in the manufacture lies in the grounds; fome of 
which are laid in varnifh, and others in the common ve¬ 
hicles for water-colours. The kind of paper employed 
for this ufe is a fort of cartoon, manufactured for the 
purpofe, which mull be ftamped before it is painted. 
1. For common defigns done with water only, the fol¬ 
lowing are mod proper : For red, lake, vermilion, rofe- 
pink, and red-ochre : for blue, Pruflian blue, verditer, 
and indigo: for yellow, the yellow-berry wafh, Dutch 
pink, and yellow-ochre: for green, verdigris, or a mix¬ 
ture of the blue colours with the yellow colours, parti¬ 
cularly with the yellow-berry wafh : for orange, vermilion, 
or red lead, with Dutch pink: for purple, a wafh made 
of logwood, or a mixture of the lake, or rofe-pink, with 
deep-coloured Pruflian blue, or with indigo : for black, 
ivory-black, and, in fome nicer cafes, lamp-black : for 
white, whiting : and for the heightenings, wdiite-lead. 
Where great brightnefs is required, the lake fliould be 
ufed for the crimfon red, and Pruflian blue for the blue; 
but for many purpofes, rofe-pink ufed alone for the crim¬ 
fon red, and indigo mixed with whiting for the blue, 
will anfwer the purpofe wdth much lefs expenfe. The 
lake, rofe-pink, Pruflian blue, and Dutch pink, intended 
for this ufe, fliould be procured in a moift ftate. 
a. The colours ufed in varnifh may be the fame as thofe 
yfed in water; but for this purpofe, thofe juft mentioned 
Should be obtained dry. As for the vehicles of the co¬ 
lours; when water is ufed, it muft be infpiflated with 
&ze and gum arabic, or Senegal. When burnifh is ufed, 
You XVIII. No. 1250, 
JG! R. 877 
it muft be formed of oil of turpentine, and the refins and 
gums which will diflolve in that menftruum. 
With refpeCt to the grounds for paper-hanging, thofe 
that are laid in water, are made by mixing whiting with 
the fize above mentioned, and laying it on the paper, 
with a proper brufh, in the moft even manner. Nothing 
more is neceflary, when the ground is to be left white ; 
and the paper, being hung on a proper frame till it is dry, 
is fit to be painted. When coloured grounds are wanted, 
the fame method muft be purfued ; and the ground of 
whiting firft laid : except that, in paler colours, a fecond 
coating may fometimes be fpared, by mixing fome ftrong 
colour with the whiting. But, where a greater force of 
colour is wanted, the pigment or colouring fubftance muft 
be tempered with the proper vehicle, and then fpread over 
the white coat. The varnifh-grounds are made much in 
the fame manner, by mixing the proper colour with the 
varnifh, and fpreadingit on the paper. 
There are three methods by which paper-hangings are 
painted : the firft by printing on the colours ; the fecond 
by tiling the ftencil; and the third by laying them on 
with a pencil, as in other kinds of painting. 
1. When the colours are laid on by printing, the im- 
preflion is made by wooden prints; which are cut in fuch 
manner, that the figure to be exprefled is made to project 
from the furface, by cuttingaway all the other part. This, 
being charged with the colours tempered with their pro¬ 
per vehicle, by letting the print gently down on a block, 
on which the colour is previoufly fpread, conveys it from 
thence to the ground of the paper, on which it is made to 
fall more forcibly by means of its weight, and the effort 
of the arm of the perfon who ufes the print. The man¬ 
ner of doing this, when more particularly explained, is 
thus. The paper, being properly prepared by a ground 
of whiting, colour, or varnifh, is laid on a block, on 
which a piece of leather is ftrained. The colour, mixed 
with its proper vehicle, is fpread on another piece of lea¬ 
ther, or oil-cloth, laid on a fiat block, fomewhat larger 
than the print; which is done by a boy or man who at¬ 
tends for that purpofe ; and, having the colour by him 
in a pot, fpreads it with a brufh on the block betwixt 
every ftroke and impreflion the printer makes. The print 
is previoufly cut in fuch manner, correfpondently to the 
defign of the painting, that there fliall be a proje&ion on 
the furface anfwering to every part, where that colour in¬ 
tended to be conveyed by this print is neceflary.’ The 
printer then takes the print either in his right hand, or, 
when too heavy to be fo managed, in both, qnd drops it 
gently on the block, juft charged with colour; from 
whence he again immediately raifes it in the moft perpen¬ 
dicular direction, and lets it fall, in the ftrongeft though 
moft even manner he can, on the paper; increafing the 
force by all the additional velocity he can give the print. 
When this is done, the fheet printed is immediately ta¬ 
ken oft the block, and hung up to dry; and, another 
being put in its place, the fame operation is repeated, till 
the w'hole quantity of paper is printed. It is eafy to con¬ 
clude, that there muft be as many feparate prints as there 
are colours to be printed; and they are to be ufed fuc- 
ceflively in the fame manner as the firft. But, where there 
are more than one, great care muft be taken, after the 
firft, to let the print fall exaftly in the fame part of the 
paper as that which went before : otherwife the figure 
of the defign would be brought into irregularity and con- 
fufion, for want of regijier, as letter-prels printers call it. 
In common paper of low price, it is ufual, therefore, to 
print only the outlines, and lay on the reft of the colours 
by ftenciliing; which both fives the expenfe of cutting 
more prints, and can be prabtifed by common workmen, 
not requiring the great care and dexterity neceflary to 
the ufing of prints. 
a. The manner of Jiencilling the colours is this : The 
figure, which all the parts of any particular colour make 
in the defign to be painted, is to be cut out, in a piece of 
S D thin 
