378 
PAPE R. 
thin leather, or oil-cloth. Thefe pieces of leather, or oil¬ 
cloth, are called Pencils; and, being laid flat on the (heets 
of paper to be printed, fpread on the table or floor, are 
to be rubbed over with the colour, properly tempered, 
by means of a large brulh. The colour paffing over the 
■whole, is confequently fpread on thofe parts of the paper 
where the cloth or leather is cut away, and give the fame 
elFeift as if laid on by a print. This is neverthelefs only 
practicable, without great care, in parts where there are 
only detached maffes, orfpotsof colours ; for, where there 
are fmall continued lines,or parts that run one intoanother, 
it is difficult to preferve the connection or continuity of 
the,parts of the cloth, or to keep the fmaller corners 
clofe down to the paper; and therefore, in fuch cafes, 
prints are preferable. Stencilling is indeed a cheaper 
method of ridding coarfe work than printing; but, 
without fuch extraordinary attention and trouble as ren¬ 
der it equally difficult with printing, it is far lefs beauti¬ 
ful and exaft in the effecft. For the outline of the fpots 
of colour want that fliarpnefs and regularity that are given 
by prints ; befides the frequent extralineations, or devia¬ 
tions from the juft figure, which happen by the original 
mifplacingof the ftencils, or the ftiiftingthe place of them 
during the operation. 
3. Pencilling• is only ufed in the cafe of nicer work, 
fuch as the better imitations of-the India paper. It is 
performed in the fame manner as other paintings in wa¬ 
ter or varniffi. It is fometimes ufed only to fill the out¬ 
lines already formed by printing; where the price of the 
colour, or the exabtnefs of the manner in which it is re¬ 
quired to be laid on, render the ftencilling or printing it 
lefs proper: at other times it is ufed for forming or de¬ 
lineating fome parts of the defign, wdiere a fpirit of free¬ 
dom and variety, not to be had in printed outlines, are 
defired to be had in the wmrk. 
Flock Paper is a kind of paper-hanging, lately invented, 
which is em boiled by means of chopped cloth. The pa¬ 
per defigned for receiving the flock is generally firft pre¬ 
pared with a varnifh-ground of a proper colour; and it 
is not uncommon to print fome mofaic, or other fmall 
running figure, in colours, on the ground, before the flock 
is laid on : this may be done with any pigment of the co¬ 
lour defired, tempered in varniffi, and laid on by a print 
cut for the purpofe. 
The manner of laying on the flock is either by means 
of a print or by a ftencil. But, as the ftencil can execute 
nothing but detached parts, and confequently is unfit for 
all defigns where running work, fcrolls, or other more 
complicated ornaments, are introduced ; it is extremely 
confined with refpeft to the nature of the defigns for 
which it can be employed; and the print is therefore 
1110ft generally preferred. 
The method of laying on the flock by means of a print 
is this : A wooden print being cut in fuch manner, that 
the part of the defign, which is intended for the flock, 
may project beyond the reft of the furface, the varnifti is 
put on a block covered with leather, or oil-cloth, and the 
print is then ufed to lay the varnifti on all the parts where 
the flock is to be fixed. The (fleet, thus prepared by the 
varniflied impreffion is now to be removed to another 
block or table; and to be ftrewed over with flock; which 
is afterwards to be gently comprefled by a board, or fome 
other flat body, to make the varnifti take the better hold 
of it. Then the (fleet is to be hung on a frame till the 
varnifti is perfe&ly dry; at which time the fuperfluous 
part of the flock is to be bruftied off by a foft camel’s-hair 
bruffi, and the proper flock will be found to adhere in a 
very ftrong manner. When the ftencil is ufed, the fame 
method is to be purfued ; the varnifti for holding the 
flock being laid on by that inftead of a print; the flock 
afterwards ftrewed upon it, as in the other cafe. 
The ufual method of preparing the flock is, by cut¬ 
ting woollen rags, or pieces of cloth, with the hand, by 
means of a large bill or chopping-knife. But it is much 
more eafily and better done by a machine; which may be 
worked by a horfe-mill, at the fame time fuch mill is em¬ 
ployed for cutting diamonds, or any other fimilar pur¬ 
pofe. In fuch cate, the conftruflion of that part of the 
machine, which is made for the cutting the flock, is this : 
A box is made for containing the rags or cloth to be cut, 
which is open at the top, and of fuch fize as may beft 
fuit the quantity of rags that the force employed can cut. 
A blade is alfo to be made, the length of which is to 
be equal to the breadth of the box; and it fliould be 
ftrong, and mult be charged with as great a weight as the 
force employed can be made to raife with a quick mo¬ 
tion. The box, being filled with the rags or cloth to be 
cut, is placed under the blade, and made to move by 
hitches after the ftroke of the blade is given, juft fo far 
as where it is proper the blade ffiould again cut the cloth 
or rags ; while at the fame time,, the blade is lifted up, 
and let fall on the cloth, which it cuts through, till by 
fucceffive ftrokes, and the progreffive motion of the box 
under it, the whole quantity of cloth or rags in the box 
has been cut. The box mull then be turned, fo that one 
of the (ides may become the front; and the operation 
mull be repeated ; by which means the cloth or rags, 
having been cut both ways, will be reduced to the date 
in which the matter is called flock ; and fit to be employed 
for the purpofe of paper-hangings. 
There is a kind of counterfeit flock-paper, which, 
when well managed, has very much the fame eftebt to the 
eye as the real, though done with lefs expenfe. The 
manner of making this fort is, by laying a ground of 
varnifti on the paper ; and, having afterwards printed 
the defign of the flock in varnifti, in the fame manner as 
for true, inftead of the flock, fome pigment or dry co¬ 
lour, of the fame hue with the flock required by the de 
fign, but fomewhat of a darker (hade, being well pow¬ 
dered, is ftrewed upon the printed varniffi, and produces 
nearly the fame appearance. 
Paper-Roofs. —In fome parts of Devonffiire, though 
(late is by no means difficult to be procured, a fubftitute 
for that fort of covering is getting very much into ufe, 
which is prepared in the following manner: Three parts 
of whiting, five of fand, one of pounded charcoal, and one 
of bone-allies, to a barrel of common tar, to which are 
added four pounds of black refin ; the two laft materials 
are to be melted together, and, when boiling, the other 
ingredients are to be added in fmall quantities, keeping 
them conftantly ffirred and in motion over the fire, until 
the whole mafs becomes of a confidence fit for ufe. Then 
the roof, being previoufly covered over with ffieathing- 
paper fecurely nailed down, is to be carefully and evenly 
fpread with the liquid hot from the copper, to the thick- 
nefs of about three quarters of an inch 5 which will coft, 
at the cauldron, about thirty-five (hillings for each fquare 
of ten feet. The fame meafure of the common date-roof 
will coft about thirty-two (hillings. The roofs for this 
fort of compofition are pitched very flat, and, from the 
lightnefs of the fcantling which is neceflary in their con- 
ftruftion, come confiderably cheaper than thofe required 
for carrying (late or tiles. 
Mr. Loudon, whofe great improvements in farm-build¬ 
ings have made his name celebrated, has publiftied a more 
detailed account of this kind of roof, particularly as ufed 
by himfelf at Tew-lodge in Oxfordthire. Thefe roofs, as 
noticed above, are very flat, being raifed no higher than 
what is fufficient for throwing oft"the water ; Mr. L. allows 
two inches and a half of rife for every foot of bafe. The 
thicknefs of the timber for the couples depends on the 
fort employed, and the width of the houfe. Where deal 
is ufed, one inch and a half will be fufficient for the depth 
and width of a rafter of twenty feet. Of other forts of 
wood the proportion muft be different. The rafters, 
if of deal, may be made two inches fquare ; if of other 
wood, proportionally ftronger. They are placed about 
eighteen inches apart, and are nailed to the couples. 
The 
