P A P 
897 
PAP 
PAP’IN (Ifaac), a celebrated French divine, who re¬ 
nounced the proteftant faith, and embraced that of Rome, 
•was defcended from a refpeCtable family, and born at 
Blois in 1657. Being intended for the miniftry, he was 
fent to ftudy philofophyand divinity at Geneva; whence 
he removed to Orleans, in 1679, to perfeCt himfelf in the 
Greek and Hebrew languages under the inftruCtions of 
the famous Claude Pajon, who was his maternal uncle. 
In the life of that gentleman we have feen, that he dif¬ 
fered in opinion from the majority of his proteftant 
brethren on fome difputed points; (fee p.259.) Ifaac 
Papin adopted his uncle's fentiments, and avowed them 
every where, without ambiguity or referve. On this 
account, and becaufe he refilled to fign the condemnation 
of them, when required to do fo by the academy of 
Saumur in 1683, he was not permitted to receive the 
ufual teftimonials to his character and qualifications. 
This treatment created difguft in his mind againft the 
leading men in the proteftant party, and, by a natural 
procefs, difpofed him to view' the religious principles of 
their opponents in a more favourable light than he had 
done before. In this temper he compofed, and publifhed 
at Bourdeaux, a treatife, entitled “The Faith kept wdthin 
due Bounds, and reduced to its true Principles in which 
he maintained, that, fince the papifts profefled to embrace 
the doCtrine of the holy fcriptures, they were entitled to 
toleration from the moft zealous proteftants. He alfo 
wrote feveral letters to the members of the reformed com¬ 
munion at Bourdeaux, in order to fatisfy them that they 
might be faved in the Roman-catholic church, fhould 
they become reconciled to it. Thefe publications, as 
might be expeCted, exafperated the more zealous pro¬ 
teftants againft him; and, to avoid the efteCts of their 
refentment, he crofted the fea to England, where he was 
admitted to prieft’s orders in the year 1686; About the 
fame time he publifhed a work againft M. Jurieu, entitled, 
“ Theological Effays concerning Providence and Grace, 
in which an Attempt is made to difentangle M. jurieu 
from all the perplexing Difficulties which prefent them- 
felves under his Syftem;” in two volumes. This w'ork 
provoked the malignant refentment of Jurieu, who, un- 
derftanding that Papin was endeavouring to obtain em¬ 
ployment as a profeftbr in Germany, wrote letters every 
where, to prevent the fuccefs of his applications ; and, 
though he obtained the fituation of a preacher at Ham¬ 
burg for a few months, Jurieu found means to procure 
his difmiflion from it. About the fame time Mr. Bayle, 
having met with our author’s treatife, entitled The 
Faith kept within due Bounds, &c. reprinted it, with 
the addition of fome pages of new matter. Thefe were 
attributed by Jurieu to M. Papin, who did not difavow 
the principal maxims laid down in them, which were con¬ 
demned by the fynod of Bois-le-duc in 1687. During the 
following year, thefe principles, and the other diftinguifti- 
ing tenets of our author, were condemned with (till 
greater marks of feverity by the French fynod at the 
Hague, where a fentence of excommunication was pro¬ 
nounced againft M. Papin. In the mean time he ac¬ 
cepted an invitation to fill a profeffor’s chair in the church 
of the French refugees at Dantzic. He had not been 
long in this poft, before it was propofed to him that he 
ftiould fubfcribe and conform to the fynodal decifions of 
the Walloon churches in the United Provinces ; but to 
this he would not confent, becaufe they enforced the 
belief of fentiments contradictory to his own, particularly 
the opinion that Jefus Chrift died only for the fake of 
the eleCt.. This refufal gave great offence to the perfons 
who had invited him to Dantzic ; and, in fix months time 
after his arrival there, the connexion between them was 
dillolved. Exafperated at the repeated obftacles which 
he met with to obtain an honourable fettlement among 
the proteftants, and the perfecutions with which he was 
harafted by Jurieu and fome of his brother-bigots, M. 
Papin returned to France, and embraced the Roman- 
catholic religion, delivering his abjuration into the hands 
Vol. XVIII. No. 125*. 
of Boffuet bifltop of Meaux, in the year 1690. Upon this 
change, Jurieu wrote a paftoral letter to the French pro¬ 
teftants, in which he pretended, that M. Papin had ever 
regarded all religions with equal indifference, and that it 
was in this fpirit that he had become reconciled to the 
church of Rome. By way of reply to this letter, our 
author compoled a treatife “ Concerning the Toleration 
of Proteftants, and the Authority of the Church,” which 
met with the approbation of Boffuet, and was publifhed 
in 169a. Afterwards M. Papin changed the title of the 
work, which was rather equivocal, and made fome addi¬ 
tions to it; but, while he was engaged in forming col¬ 
lections to renderit more complete, and in finifhing other 
pieces of the fame kind, he died at Paris in 1709, at the 
age of fifty-two. After his death, his theological pieces, 
which are chiefly controverlial, and all written witji 
ability and fhrewdnefs, were collected together, and pub¬ 
lifhed in Holland, in 1713, nmo. and a third edition of 
them was printed at Paris, in 1723, in 3 vols. 12010. w ith 
the life of the author prefixed, written by his widow. 
Gen . Biog\ 
PAPIN'ACHOIS, a river of Canada, which runs into 
the Saguenay in lat. 48. 24, N. Ion. 70. 50. W. 
PAPIN'ACHOIS, Indians of Canada, fo named from 
the river. They inhabit from lat. 50. to 51. N. Ion. 69. 
to 71. W. 
PAPINIA'NUS, a celebrated Roman lawyer, was the 
difciple of Cerbidius Scasvola, under whom Septimius 
Severus, afterwards emperor, was alfo brought up. Papi- 
nianus fucceeded Severus in his office of advocate to the 
treafury; and was created pretorian prefeCt by Severus 
after he had afcended the imperial throne in 194. His 
profound knowledge of the law, and his incorruptible in¬ 
tegrity, gave him great influence during this reign, the 
rigours of which he foftened by his counfels as much as 
lay in his power. It is affirmed, but apparently upon 
little authority, that he was related to theemprefs, Julia 
Domna. Severus, on his death-bed, particularly recom¬ 
mended his fons Caracalla and Geta to the care of this 
faithful fervant; and he accordingly ufed all his efforts 
to preferve that fraternal union between them which foon 
appeared in danger of diffolution. His remonftrances 
were fo difagreeable to Caracalla, that he was deprived of 
the poft of pretorian prefeCt; yet the weight of his cha¬ 
racter induced that emperor to keep him about his perfon, 
and treat him as if ftill in his confidence. When Caracalla 
had perpetrated the execrable murder of his brother, he 
ftrongly urged Papinianus to compofe a juftification of 
the aCtion ; but received from him the fevere reply, “ That 
it was eafier to commit a parricide than to defend it; and 
that it was a fecond parricide to vilify the memory of the 
innocent.’' The monfter diftembled the refentment he 
felt; but when, foon after, the pretorian guards, probably 
through his inftigation, demanded the head of Papinianus, 
he readily gave him up to their rage, and he fuffered 
under the axe, A.D. 212. This eminent lawyer compofed 
a great number of works, and formed feveral illuftrious 
difciples. His juridical authority rofe beyond that of 
any of his predecelfors; and remained in fuch confidera- 
tion, that the emperor Valentinian III. made a decree, 
that, in cafes in which the opinions of judges ftiould be 
divided, the preponderance ftiould be given to that which 
ftiould have the fupport of Papinianus. 
PAPI'RA, or Papyra, in ancient geography, a town 
of Alia, in Galatia, upon the route from Paffinuntum to 
Ancyra, between Vindia and Ancyra; according to the 
Itinerary of Antonine. 
PAP'IRE-MAS'SON. See Masson (John Papirius), 
vol. xiv. 
PAPIR'IA, f . in botany. See Gethyilis. 
PAPIR'IUS CUR'SOR, the name of two Roman ge¬ 
nerals and confuls, who diftinguiftied tbemfelves more 
particularly againft the Samnites. See the article Rome. 
PA'PISM, /’. [from pupe , Fr.] Popery.—The place is 
long, which deferves to be read for the objection of the 
5 I univerfaiity 
