403 
P A P 1 
by Frederic CommondiVii of Urbino, and publifhed with 
a commentary by the editor, Guido Ubaldi, 1588, folio. 
In 1644, father Merfenne gave a kind of abridgment of 
them, in his Synopfis Mathematics, containing only fuch 
propofitions as could be underftood without figures. At 
length, the whole of what remains of the Mathematical 
Cohesions, was publiffied at Bologna, in 1660, folio, by 
Carol. Manolefii, who feems to have fpared no labour to 
render his edition complete and excellent, availing him- 
felf of the affiltance of very able Greek fcholars, and 
profound mathematicians. On the Englifh reader Dr. 
Hutton has conferred a favour, by prefenting him with 
a brief analylis of thefe “ Collections,” in his Mathema¬ 
tical Dictionary, art. Pappus. 
PAP PUS (John), a learned German Lutheran divine 
and profelfor, was born at Lindau, on the banks of the 
lake of Conftance, in the year 1549. Having been in- 
llruCted in the rudiments of the Latin, Greek, and He¬ 
brew, languages at his native place, in the year 1502 he 
was fent to commence his academical (Indies at the uni- 
verfity of Strafburg. In 1564 he removed to Tubingen, 
and took his firft degree in philofophy; and in 1567 his 
father fent him to Strafburg to finifli his ftudies. To that 
objeft he devoted his attention with great diligence and 
fuceefs, till the year 1569, when he was made minifter of 
the church of Reichoville, though only twenty years of 
age. His abilities, however, were more mature than his 
years, and were fo well known at Straffiurg, that in the 
year 1570, he was recalled to that city, where he was 
firll of all placed in the chair of Hebrew profeffor, and 
loon afterwards appointed profelfor of divinity, as well 
as one of the minilters in the church of that place. Thefe 
preferments were followed by the title of mailer of philo¬ 
fophy, with which he was honoured by the univerlity of 
Bafd, in 1571. Two years afterwards he went again to 
Tubingen, and, after performing the requifite exercifes in 
thefchools with great applaufe, was admitted to the de¬ 
gree of doCtor of divinity. In 1578, he was made paf- 
tor of the principal church at Strafburg; and, in 1581, 
he was appointed to the fuperintendance of that ecclefi- 
allical diftrict, which he exercifed with great prudence 
and moderation, and to the entire latisfaCtion of the 
clergy who were under his infpefition, during twenty- 
nine years. He died in 1610, in the fixty-firft year of his 
age. He was the author of, 1. Parva Biblia, live Synop- 
iis Biblica, Summam continens totius S. Scripturae me- 
thodice digeftam ; nmo. 2. Hilloria ecclefiaftica C011- 
verfionis Gentium, 8vo. 3. Epitome Hiftoriae Eccleliaf- 
ticae de Converiionibus Gentium, Perlecutionibus Eccle- 
liae, Haerefibus, et Conciliis CEcumenicis, ex praecipuis 
Scriptoribus Ecclefiallieis collegia, 8vo. 4. Homiliae Aca¬ 
demics, 3 vo. 5. Hypotypofis DoCtrince Chriftianas, five I11- 
(litutio ChriftianasReligionis de praecipuis quibufdam Ar- 
ticulis, 8vo. .6. Germania veterisDefcriptiones,ex probatis 
AuCtoribus colleCtae. 7. Defcriptio omnium Regum et 
Prophetaruin populi Indaici, 8vo. 8. Index Expurgatorius 
Librorum qui hoc Saeculo prodierunt, 1699, 121T10. 9. He 
publifhed, in the original Greek, with an accurate and per- 
fpicuous Latin verlion of his own, a curious monument 
of antiquity, by an unknown author, entitled, ’EwoS'mov 
rhfis%oii ; or, Libellus Synodicus, omnes Synodos, tam 
Orthodoxas quatn Haereticas, brevi Compendio conti¬ 
nens : quae ab Apoftolorum inde Tempore, ufque ad oc- 
tavam, luperUnione Photii,et Johannis Paps, Inftitutam, 
funt celebratae, 1601. This work is inferted entire in the 
eleventh volume of Fabricius’s Bibl. Grsec. Gen. Bios;. 
PAP'PY, adj. Soft; fucculent; eafily divided.—Thefe 
were converted into fens, where the ground being fpun- 
gy, fucked up the water, and the loofened earth fwelled 
into a foft and pappy fubftance. Burnet. —Its tender and 
pappy flelh cannot at once be fitted to be nourilhed by 
folid diet. Ray on the Creation. 
PA'PRA, a towm on the weft coaft of Siam. Lat. 8.10. 
N. Ion. 98. 30. E. 
PAPRE'MIS, or Paprimis, in ancient geography, a 
PAR 
town of Egypt, and the capital of the Papremite rrome. 
In this place the hippopotamus was regarded as a (acred 
animal; and Mar? was honoured with a lingular cere¬ 
mony. Upon the feftival appropriated to this deity, the 
priefts bore upon a four-wheeled chariot the (latue of rile 
god, which was enclofed in a fmall chapel of gilt wood ; 
and, while they endeavoured to force the chariot and fta- 
tue into the temple of that divinity, men armed with 
clubs Hood in the way to hinder it; and, as the priests 
who accompanied the procellion had likewife arms, there 
enfued an engagement, when naturally many people mult 
have loll their lives. The Egyptians, however, main¬ 
tained that nobody died of the wounds they received upon 
that occafion. 
PAPS, two remarkable hills on the north (here of Lake 
Superior, in North America. 
PAPS (The), mountains of Ireland, in the county of 
Kerry : eight miles eafl of Killarney. 
PAPS OF JU'RA. See Jura. 
PAP'UA. See New Guinea, vol. viii. 
PAP'UDA BA'Y, a bay on the coaft of Chili, in the 
South Pacific Ocean, five leagues north of the (hoals of 
Quintaro, and four from port Liga ; the water is deep, the 
anchorage good, and the entrance fafe. 
PAP'ULAi, f. [Latin.] Eruptions of feveral kinds upon 
the (kin. 
PAPULA'RI A, f. in botany. See Trianthema. 
PAPULOS'ITY, / [from papula .] An eruption of 
pimples on the (kin. Bailey. 
PAP'ULOUS, adj. Full of puftules or pimples. 
PAP'WORTH (Agnes and Evered), two villages in 
Cambridgeftiire, eleven miles on the weft fide of Cam¬ 
bridge. The Ermin-ftreet Roman way palfes through the 
latter, from Holm to Huntingdon. 
PAP'WORTH (Nether), a village in Huntingdon- 
(hire, between Great Paxton and Hilton. 
PAPYRIF'ERGUS, adj. [from the Lat. papyrus, and 
fero, to bear.] Producing the papyrus. Cole. 
PAPYR/IUS, f. [from papyrus '] A name given by La¬ 
marck to the paper-mulberry, in allufion to the ufe made 
of its b:\rk, from which mod of the Eaft Indian, Japanefe, 
and Cbinefe, paper is prepared, as well as the cloth of 
Otaheite, &c. See Morus papyrirera, vol. xvi. p. 49, 
PAPYROP'OLIST, J. [from the Gr. wa7rvpo;, paper, 
and wuAew, to fell.] One that fells paper. Cole. 
PAPY'RUS, f. [Latin.] A kind of flag growing in 
moill places, which the ancients tiled inftead of paper. See 
Cyperus papyrus, vol. v. 
PAQUASH'E LAKE, a lake of North America. Lat. 
50. 48. N. I011. 93. 30. W. 
PAQUILIGAS'TA, a town of South America, in the 
province of Tucuinan: forty miles fouth-fouth-weft of 
St. Miguel de Tucuman. 
PAR, a river of Bavaria, which runs into the Danube 
four miles below Ingoldftadt. 
PAR, J'. [Latin.] State of equality; equivalence; 
equal value. This word is not elegantly ufed, except as 
a term of traffic.—To eftimate the par, it is neceflary to 
know how much filver is in the coins of the two coun¬ 
tries, by which you charge the bill of exchange. Locke .— 
Exchequer-bills are below par. Swift. —My friend is the 
fecond after the treafurer ; the reft of the great officers are 
much upon a par. Swift. 
PA'RA,/. A fmall Turkey coin, forty of which are 
equal to a piaftre; and contains three afpers. 
PA'RA,/. A meafure, in India, equal to five pecks, 
or 341b. 8 oz. ia drams. 
PA'RA, [fighifying Firft or Greateft.] The name 
the Hindoo goddefs Parvati, in her character of Pra- 
kriti ; which fee. 
PA'RA, or Grand Para, the moft northern of the 
colonies or governments of Brafil, in South America. 
This province comprehends that part of Guiana which 
belongs to the Portuguefe, on the north fide of the river 
Amazon, extending from the union of the river Madeira 
to 
