423 4 
P A II 
The paring of the fkin dry on the fummer is the moll 
difficult preparation in the whole procefs of parchment- 
inaking ; for which reafon, the Ikinners feldom dare med¬ 
dle with it, but ufually leave it to thofe more experienced 
in it 5 the fummer, whereon it is performed, is a calf-lkin 
well-ftretched on a frame, ferving as a fupport to the Ikin, 
which is fattened a-top of it with a wooden inftrument, 
that has a notch cut in it. Laftly, that the iron knife 
may pafs the eafier between the fummer and the Ikin to 
be pared, they put another Ikin, which they call the 
counter-fummer. The parings, thus taken off the Ikin, 
are ufed in making glue, fize, See. 
That called virgin parchment is fomewhat thinner and 
finer than the reft ; and is moft proper for certain pur- 
pofes, as fans, See. it is made of the fkin of an abortive 
lamb, or kid. 
What we call vellum, is only parchment made of the 
fkins of abortive calves, or at leaft of fucking-calves; it 
is finer, whiter, and fmoother, than the common parch¬ 
ment; but it is prepared in the fame manner as that, ex¬ 
cept that it is not patted through the lime-pit. 
To make Coloured Parchment. —Walh the parchment in 
cold ley, till it come clear from it; then fqueeze out the 
liquor as much as poffible ; and, if you would have it of a 
fine green colour, take diftilled verdigris, ground with 
vinegar, and add a little lap-green to it; temper it neither 
too thick nor too thin; then foak your parchment in this 
colour thoroughly a whole night; rinfe it afterwards in 
water, ftrain it immediately on a frame, and fet it to dry: 
take clear varnilh, lay it on both fides, fet it in the fun to 
dry; after this cut the parchment out of the frame into 
leaves, as large as you pleafe, and lay them in a book 
under prefs, to keep them fine and ftraight. The eft’efl 
of this parchment is to make a fmall letter, when put 
over it, appear as big again ; and it is a great preferver of 
the eyes, efpecially to thofe that read much by candle¬ 
light. The varnilh mutt be prepared of linfeed-oil, and 
boiled with frankincenfe, maftic, and fandarac. 
If you would have the parchment of a clear, tranfparent, 
and white, colour, only watt), ftrain, and varnilh it, as 
above. If you would colour it yellow, fteep your parch¬ 
ment, after it has been w'allied, in a yellow liquid, made 
of faffron ; for which purpofe, tie faffron in a thin linen 
rag, hang it in a weak ley, and warm it over a flow fire ; 
and, when you fee the ley tinctured yellow, it is fit 
for ufe. 
For a tranfparent Reel.— Take brazil, as much as you 
will : put it into a hot ley, which is clear, and not too 
ftrong, and it will tinfture the ley of a fine red ; then 
pour to it about half an egg-lhell full of clean wine; draw 
the parchment through the colour; and, when it is as 
deep as you would have it, ftrain it as before. 
For a Blue. —Take Lombard indigo, grind it with 
vinegar on a ftone, and mix fal-ammoniac -among it, to 
the quantity of a pea; with this wet your parchment, 
and proceed as has been directed for the green. 
For a Violet or Purple .—Temper two-thirds of the 
above red, and one-third of the blue, and ufe it as before 
directed. 
For a Black. —Take Roman alum, beat it into powder, 
and boil it in rain-water to a fourth part; add Roman 
vitriol, or atrament, with fome Roman galls, and boil 
them together: with this ftain your parchment twice 
or three times over; and, when dry, lay the Spaniflr var- 
niffioverit. 
With thefe tranfparent parchments you may make 
curious bindings. One fort, ufed at Rome, is made thus: 
Lay the board or pafteboard over with leaf-gold, leaf-filver, 
ftanial, metal-leaves, &c. then binding the parchment 
over it, it will give it an uncommon luftreand beauty. 
Dr. Lewis informs us, that, in order to render the ink 
durable on parchment, a thick piece of it fliould befteeped 
in water, with fome oak-bark, for three or four days, and 
then preffed fmooth and dried. When the furface of this 
parchment was pared off, and the internal part written 
PAR 
upon, the characters continued of a good black, while 
thofe made with the fame ink, on unprepared parchment, 
were changed into a yellowifh-brown. Vellum may alfo 
be treated in the fame manner. 
It is laid, that writing upon parchment decayed by 
time, may be recovered, and rendered legible, by dipping 
the obliterated parchment into a veflel of cold water, 
frelh drawn from the well; let it be taken out in about a 
minute, and prefled between two papers, in order to pre¬ 
vent its crumpling up in drying. As loon as it is mo¬ 
derately dry, if it be not legible, repeat the operation two 
or three times. 
Old fkins of parchment or vellum may be converted 
into leather. See the article Leather, vol. xii. p.423. 
PAR'CHMENT-MAKER, f. He who dreflfes parch¬ 
ment. 
PARCHOQ'R, a town of Hindooftan, in the circar of 
.Guntoor : eighteen miles fouth of Guntoor. 
PAR'CHWITZ, a town of Silefia, in the principality 
of Liegnitz, and capital of a prefeClorate; containing two 
Lutheran churches, and a Roman-catholic chapel. Here 
is a manufacture of cloth: ten miles north-eaft of Lieg¬ 
nitz, and twelve weft of Wohlau. Lat. 51.15. N. Ion. 16. 
20. E. 
PARCIEU'X (Anthony des), a French mathematician, 
and member of the Academy of Sciences, was born in the 
diocefe of Uzes in 1703. He taught the mathematics at 
Paris with great reputation, and died there in 1768. His 
works are, 1. A Treatife of Trigonometry. 2. Eflays on 
the Probability of the Duration of Life. 3. Memoirs on 
the Practicability of bringing to Paris the Water of the 
River d’Yvette. Of the tables of M. des Parcieux on the 
probability of life, great ufe has been made by the writers 
on the doftrine of annuities. 
He had a nephew of the fame name, who was educated 
at the college of Navarre at Paris, where he ftudied ma¬ 
thematics and philofophy, and, at the age of twenty-four, 
gave public lectures. In 1779 he began a courfe of ex¬ 
perimental philofophy, in the military fchool of Brienne; 
after which, he occupied the philofophical profeflorlbip at 
the Lyceum in Paris, where he died in 1798. He wrote 
an elementary book on Geometrical and Aftronomical 
Calculations; and in his youth he is faid to have com- 
pofed a tragedy, entitled Ozorio. 
PAR'CILY,/. [parcitas, Lat.] Sparingnefs. Not in ufe. 
PAR'CO FRAC'TO, or Pound-breach, f. in law, 
a writ which lies againft him who violently breaks open 
a pound, and takes out beafts thence, which, for fome 
trefpafs done, were lawfully impounded. 
PARCO'L, orPARCOu'L, a lake of Thibet, twenty-five 
miles in circumference. Lat. 43. 22. N. Ion. 92. 42. E. 
PAR'COS, a town of Peru, in the diocefe of Guamanga: 
twenty-five miles north-eaft of Guancavelica. 
PARCOU', a town of France, in the department of the 
Lower Charente: twelve miles eaft of Ivlontlieu. 
PARCO'W, a town of Aultrian Poland, in Galica : 
thirty-fix miles north-north-eaft of Lublin. 
PARD, or Par'dale, f. [papb, Sax. pardus, pardalis, 
Lat.] The Felis pardus, or panther. In poetry, any of 
the fpotted beafts.— The par dale fwift, and the tyger cruel. 
SpenJ'er's F. Q. 
As fox to lambs, as wolf to heifer’s calf; 
As paid to hind, or ftepdame to her fon. Shahefpeare. 
PARDAILLO'N, a town of France, in the department 
of the Lot and Garonne : five miles well of Lauzun, and 
twelve north of Marmande. 
PARDALIAN'CHES, f. in botany. See Doronicum. 
PAKDAN'THUS, / in botany. See Ixia Chinenlis. 
PAR'DIES (Ignatius-Gafton), a French Jefuit, an in¬ 
genious mathematician and philofopher, was the fon of a 
counfellor of the parliament of Pau in Bearn, where he 
was born, in the year 1636. He entered the fociety of 
Jefuits when he was about the age of lixteen ; and purfued 
his ttudies with fo much diligence and fuccefs, that he 
ujas. 
