PARIS. 581 
and we add with regret, that our navy was ordered to take 
part againft them by blockading their ports. At laft all 
was terminated by a Convention (Odtober 20, 1814.), pro¬ 
nouncing the union of Sweden and Norway under the 
fame fovereign, the latter retaining her feparate conftitu- 
tion. Pomerania was transferred from Sweden to Pruffia ; 
and Denmark received a fmall territory to the fouth ot 
Holftein. 
8. Sweden had enjoyed during many years the advan¬ 
tage of neutrality, and, like Denmark, increafed gra¬ 
dually her flapping and trade. Deviating from this in 
1805, and becoming aparty to the coalition againft France, 
flie was faved from hoftilities -by the rapid overthrow of 
Auftria; and Pomerania was not attacked until 1807, 
when Guftavus IV. chofe to refufe peace at the time when 
he had not the fupport of a Angle continental ally. This 
and other adts of madnefs led to his depofition in 1809 ; 
and the year after, Europe faw with furprife the nomina¬ 
tion of Bernadotte as the efficient head of the Swedifh 
government; and there he remains. 
10. Spain and Portugal preferved their territory un¬ 
altered. Both had received rude Brocks from the invader; 
but in both the reign of fuperftition and indolence feemed 
fo firmly fixed as to bid defiance to political change, whe¬ 
ther introduced by mild or harffi means. Recent events, 
however, have ftown,that both thefe nations are capable 
of better things. A liberal conftitution is already (we 
hope permanently) eftabliffied in Spain ; and we truft that 
thofe attempts which have proved abortive in Naples and 
Piedmont, will yet be fuccefsful in Portugal. See 
thofe articles. 
xi. Swiflerland, without being made a province of 
France, had been obliged to furniffi a military contingent 
in the wars of Bonaparte. The arrangements of 1814 
maintained her as a federal ftate, but with 19 cantons in- 
ftead of 13; an increafe derived, not from extended ter¬ 
ritory, but from the independent form acquired by cer¬ 
tain diftridts (fuch as the Pays de Vaud) incorporated 
formerly with the original cantons. 
12. The King of Sardinia was reftored to Piedmont; 
and his other continental pofleffions, with the addition of 
the territory of Genoa. 
13. Italy was the country of all Europe the moft likely 
to profit by the occupancy of the French. The fubftitu- 
tion of an efficient government for the feeble adminiftra- 
tion of Naples and Rome; the diminution of fuperftition, 
the increafe of induftry, the extirpation of robbery on 
the highways, and the new modelling of the military efla- 
bliftiment; were all objedts of the higheft importance. 
To thefe was added a hope of blending all the ftates of 
the peninfula into a common union; a union moft ar¬ 
dently defired by the Italian nation, and calculated, 
above all things, to preferve their country from war and 
the intrufion of foreigners. The felfilh policy of Bona¬ 
parte, whofe objedt was merely to extradl from every 
country the utmoft poffible fupply of revenue and recruits, 
prevented the adoption of this grand meafure, until the 
re-afl'umed fway of foreigners, in particular of the Auf- 
trians, removed it to an indefinite diftance, and rein- 
ftated the territorial divifions of Italy on the footing of 
1792, with the exception of the republics of Venice and 
Genoa. 
14. Turkey was no party to the treaty of 1814, but re¬ 
mained on the footing on which the treaty of 1812 with 
Ruffia had placed her. Stationary in an age of change, 
and inflexible in her adherence to traditionary ufages, 
fhe faw the French revolution pafs without hurt; or ra¬ 
ther was indebted to it for a relaxation in the fliocks to 
which the European part of her empire is expofed from 
Auftriaand Ruffia. The peaceof 1790 had been preferved 
uninterrupted by Auftria ; that of 1791 was infringed by 
Ruffia by only one war, viz. from 1S07 to 1812. The 
temporary occupancy of Egypt by the French, and the 
more permanent eftabliffiment of England in the Ionian 
VOL. XVIII. No. 1266. 
Iflands, have had no effedl on the interior of the Turkifli 
empire. 
Such was the fituation of Europe, and of France in 
particular, at the commencement of the hundred days. 
The events of that fhort but important period occafioned 
the allies to infill upon terms of peace which France 
thought very hard and degrading. The firft propofals 
were delivered in by the allied minifters on the 20th of 
September; and the French government, notwithlland- 
ing that they “ flood proftrate,” were very unwil¬ 
ling to “ turn their backs upon themfelves.” They re¬ 
filled with all their might; and delivered, next day, a 
contre-projet. But the allies were firm, and they had the 
power in their own hands. They declared, that “that 
which was fufficient to fatisfy them in 1814, cannot con¬ 
tent them in 1815; and that the line of demarcation, 
which appeared to guarantee the fecurity of the ftates 
bordering on France at the epoch of the treaty of the 
30th of May, can no longer fatisfy the juft pretenfions 
which they now prefer.” 
The minifters of Louis, finding the allied powers refo- 
lute in enforcing their demands, determined to retire 
rather than fign a degrading peace. This event was haf- 
tened, in a great meafure, through the intrigues of the 
king’s brother, the duke and duchefs of Angouleme, and 
the duke of Berri. The conduct of thefe branches of the 
Bourbon family had done no good to the caule of Louis 
during his former reign; and they feemed not difpofed 
to change that conduit. As thefe princes naturally re¬ 
garded the miniftry of Louis with abhorrence, they had 
ufed their utmoft endeavours to bring about a change ; 
and this they foon effected. Fouche and Talleyrand were 
difmifled : the former was fent to Drefden, as ambaflador; 
and the latter had fome trifling fituation given him, which 
permitted him to be near the king’s perfon. The new 
miniftry confifted of the following perfons: The Duke of 
Richelieu, minifter for foreign affairs, and, of courfe, 
prime-minifter; the Duke of Feltre, minifter of war; the 
Vifcount Dubouchage, minifter of the interior; Monf.(now 
Duke) deCazes, for general police ; and M. Barbe Marbois, 
keeper of the feals. The following charadter of fome of 
them appears to be juft, and may therefore be acceptable. 
The Duke de Richelieu, grandfon of the celebrated 
inarffial of that name, emigrated at the beginning of the 
revolution, and entered into the Ruffian fervice, in 
which he acquired general efteem. For fome years 
beheld the government of Odeflh, much to the fatisfac- 
tion both of the fovereign and the people.—Clarke duke 
of Feltre was an aide-de-camp of the late duke of Orleans, 
at his entrance into public life; he ferved the republic 
moft zealoufly under Carnot, with whom he was inti¬ 
mately connedted. He evinced equal devotion to the 
imperial government; and, embarking in the royal caufe, 
after the landing of Bonaparte, he fuftained it with that 
ardour w'hich forms the leading feature of his charadter. 
In all ftages of his political career, he proved himfelf both 
able and incorruptible.—M. de Vaublanc was a diftin- 
guifhed member, and one of the moft confpicuous orators 
of the firft legiflative aflembly. Among other fpeeches of 
his, there exifts a very eloquent one in favour of general 
La Fayette, who was accuied by thejacobin-party, (hortly 
before the cataftrophe of the 10th of Auguft. M. de V. 
was violently perfecuted during the reign of terror, and, 
by flight, he efcaped the fate of his colleagues, on the 
18th Frudtidor. Since that period his opinions have be¬ 
come highly royalift. His probity has never been quef- 
tioned by any party. He was a member of the legiflative 
body under Bonaparte, and alfo prefedt of Metz. There 
are feveral fpeeches of his, at that period, which attefted 
his devotion to the imperial throne.—M. Barbe Marbois 
was fecretary of legation, and afterwards charge d’affaires, 
to the United States. Soon after the treaty Which France 
made with that republic, he was intendant of St. Domingo. 
On the 18th Frudtidor he was baniffied to Cayenne, from 
7 I whence, 
