PAR 
mined by afrefh treaty, in Odtober 1818, that the rever- 
fion of the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guaftalla, 
fhall be taken from young Napoleon, and given to Don 
Carlos 5 and the reverlion of Lucca goes, of courfe, at his 
mother’s death, to the grand duke of Tufcany. 
Don Carlos is married to a daughter of Vi&or Emanuel, 
king of Sardinia, who fuddenly abdicated his dignity on 
the 12th of March, 1821. He will, in all probability, 
have fome time to wait before he enjoys the fruits of this 
arrangement; as the emprefs Maria Louifa is only in the 
twenty-fixth year of her age, and is endowed with an ex¬ 
cellent conftitution. 
There are now three Princes of Parma ; Napoleon, 
Don Carlos, and Cambaceres, ex Arch-Chancellor of 
France! 
PARMA, the capital of the above duchy, is divided 
by the river of the fame name, which riles in the fouth 
part of the duchy, and runs into the Po near Viadana, 
in three branches that communicate with each other by 
two bridges. This city was founded by the Etrurians, 
taken by a tribe of Gauls called the Boii, and, at length, 
colonized by the Romans. It is faid to have fuffered 
much from the licentious cruelty of Antony ; and its fuf- 
ferings on this occafion are pathetically deplored and im¬ 
mortalized by Cicero, in his 14th Philippic, the laft tri¬ 
bute which he paid to Rome and to liberty. 
The city is large and populous, airy and clean, though 
it cannot boaft of any very ftriking or regular buildings. 
It is furrounded by walls, flanked with baftions, and a 
ditch filled with water. On the fouth is the citadel, 
which is a regular pentagon, and reckoned the bell in 
Italy. The ftreets areftraight and broad, formed by well- 
built and painted houfes, and meet in the centre, confti- 
tuting a liandfome fquare. The new palace was erefted 
on the ruins of the old, and forms an irregular and huge 
mafs of building. The theatre is reprelented as one of 
the molt beautiful in Italy, and is faid to contain up¬ 
wards of 12,000 fpedtators, who, by the ftrudhire of the 
place, are capable of hearing the a£tor on the ftage, with¬ 
out any elevation of voice. Here is alfo a fmaller thea¬ 
tre for the accommodation of the inhabitants. This city 
is the fee of a bifliop, fuffragan of Bologna. Its univer- 
fity was founded in 1599, an d its academy offciences was 
inftituted in 1601. It has five collegiate and thirty pa- 
riflt churches, befides the cathedral, many of which con¬ 
tain piftures by Corregio and other eminent matters, and 
forty convents. The cathedral is Saxon, but lined in 
the interior with Roman architecture : its dome is much 
admired, on account of Corregio’s paintings. The bap- 
tiltery is an odtagon, in the fame ltyle with the cathedral, 
cafed with marble, and ornamented with various arches 
and galleries. The Steccata is the molt regular church in 
Parma, in the form of a Greek crofs. The church of 
the capuchins is only remarkable for being the burial- 
place of the celebrated Alexander Farnefe. The arts 
and fciences have by no means been negleCted in Parma. 
An univerfity, two academies, fchools of painting, &c. 
announce the application ; and a long catalogue of great 
names might be produced, to prove the fuccefs of the 
Parmians in every literary purfuit. The dukes have for 
many years aflumed the character of Mecsenas; and, by 
their judicious encouragement, attracted men of talents, 
from other countries, to their territories. The public 
walks on its ramparts are very pleafmg. The country 
round is well wooded ; and the town and territory of 
Parma, on the whole, feemed to have been in aflourifhing 
ftate till the entrance of the French army. Since that 
fatal period, its profperity has been on the decline, its 
government unfettled, and its inhabitants impoveriflied 
and difcontented. The contributions raifed by the 
French amounted to five millions of French livres; a fum 
enormous for fo fmall a territory, and equalling two years 
of its regular income. The chief trade of the place con- 
fifts in ftockings, and fome other articles of filk manu- 
Vol. XVIII. No. 1269. 
PAR G25 
faflure. The printing-prefs, eftablilhed by Bodoni in 
1765, has been diftinguilhed for beautiful publications. 
The number of its inhabitants is not accurately afcer- 
tained, fome reckoning them at 45,000, and others at 
37,000. It is thirty-two miles fouth-weft of Mantua. 
Lat. 44.47. N. Ion. 27. 52. E. 
PAR'MA, f. among antiquaries, a kind of ancient 
buckler. Polybius defcribes the parma as very ftrong, 
round, three feet in diameter, and big enough to cover 
the whole body ; yet Servius on the ASneid, and even 
Virgil himfelf, mentions it as a light piece of armour in 
comparifon of the clypeus, though bigger than the pelta. 
PAR'MA (Battifta da), or Parmen/is , an Italian en¬ 
graver, was a native of Parma, born A.D. 1530. He ftu- 
died at Rome, but under what mafter it is not known ; 
and praCtifed the art of engraving in a ftyle fomewhat 
refembling that of Cornelius Cort. The time of his death 
is not known. 
PAR'MA (Jacobus), or Parmenfis, another artift, pro¬ 
bably of the fame family, from whofe hand we have a 
print executed in the ftyle of Caraglio, of the Martyr¬ 
dom of St. Peter and St. Paul, and a middling-fized print 
lengthways, from Parmigiano; it is executed with the 
graver, in a flight ftyle, and has often been attributed 
to Caraglio, but the heads and other extremities are 
not fo well drawn as we find them in the works of that 
artift. The time of his birth is not noted, nor that of his 
death. 
PAR'MA (Julien da), a very diftinguilhed hiftorical 
painter, was born in 1736, of poor parents, at the village 
of Carigliana, near the little Swifs town of Locarno, 
upon the borders of the great lake. His genius fur- 
mounted all the obftacles which poverty threw before 
him in his road to the fine arts. For a confiderable time 
nature was his only guide, becaufe lie had not the means 
to procure any other. At length he fet out for Rome, 
which he reached by means of painting portraits in every 
town, to defray the expenfes of travelling. In the capi¬ 
tal, he ftudied the ancient and modern chef-d’oeuvre's for 
thefpace of twelve years, acquiring at the fame time the 
art of fpeakingand writing in a malterly manner. It was 
in that city he firft exhibited his picture of Jupiter fleep- 
ing in the arms of Juno; the engraving of which is to be 
feen in every print-lhop; all the city of Rome, and every 
ftranger refiding there at the" time, went to fee the great 
work of Julien. On his arrival at Paris, he expofed the 
picture a fecond time, and there he alfo found a crowd of 
admirers. This picture, now in the cabinet of the cele¬ 
brated fculptor Dejoux, his friend, is, above all, remark¬ 
able for the noblenefs of ftyle and beauty of colouring. 
There are fome other valuable works of his, in the fa- 
loon of the hotel de Nivernois. Julien forme;!, both at 
Rome and Paris, feveral diftinguilhed pupils. He died 
at Paris, June 28, 1799, at the age of 63, and in the great- 
eft indigence. 
PARMACIT'Y, f. Corruptedly for fpermaceti: 
Telling me, the fovereign’ft thing on earth 
Was parmacity for an inward bruife. Shakcfpeare. 
PAR'MAK DAG'HI, a fortified mountain of Periia, 
in the province of Schirvan : thirty miles eaft-north-eaft 
of Scamachie. 
PAR'MASENT, f. Parmafan cheefe, or cheefe of 
Parma. See Parmesan, —My mafter laid, he loved her 
almoll as well as he loved parmafent. Ford's 'Tis pity /he's 
a Whore. 
PARME'LIA, f. [from the Greek a fort of 
fmall lhield, and etXtu, to furround, inclofe.j In botany, 
a genus of the clafs cryptogamia, order algae; and of a 
natural order inftituted by Dr. Acharius, profeflbr at 
Vadftena in Sweden, called lichenes. This natural order 
includes feveral genera, being allied, on the one hand, 
to the Alga, in which it was included by Linnaeus ; and 
on the other to the Fungi, with many of which it nearly 
7 U agrees 
