P A R 
PAR 
and ragged; when dry, and in the adult fubjeft, it is 
black. The margin of the fame colour with the cruft, 
thin, inwardly inclined, and crenated, (notched.) 
The ufual abode of this beautiful fpecies is on trees, 
and roofs of houfes, in Suflex, where it is not uncommon ; 
alfo about Tunbridge Wells, and Southampton. Mr. 
-Turner received fpecimens of it collefiled upon the bark 
of the Olea europasa, near Cadiz, from Don Simon de 
Roxas Clemente, a inoft acute Spanifh botanift, in honour 
of whom he named it. Dr. Acharius has alfo received it 
from France; and, the only places where it has yet been 
difcovered in Britain being three of the molt fouthern 
counties, it may fairly be prefumed to be a native of the 
warmer climates ; fo confpicuous a fpecies not being likely 
to be overlooked. It is only from the younger and bar¬ 
ren plants, and efpecially from thofe which grow on fat 
fmooth tiles, that any adequate idea of its elegance can 
be formed, the frond being in all other circumftances 
disfigured by the powder of the foredia, which fometimes 
wholly cover it. It is quite undivided, and has the ap¬ 
pearance of a cruftaceous lichen, except immediately at 
the circumference, never fhowing towards the centre the 
flighted tendency to become lobed. It is fliown, of the 
natural fize, at fig. 6. the Spanifh fpecimen at fig. 7. parts 
of which are fliown magnified at b, more magnified at c, 
and ftill more at d. 
4. Parmelia Borreri : ftalk membranaceous, ftellated, 
greenifh above, fawn-colour underneath, and villous ; 
the foredia difperfed and white, the laciniee lobated and 
finuous, fubimbricated and rotundated at the margin ; 
frond arborefcent, fomewhat orbicular; diameter two or 
three inches. The thallus, or pedicle, is foliaceous, ex¬ 
panded in the form of a fmall rofe, lobated, the lobes 
diftindl, feldom touching each other, hardly divided in 
the centre; finuated, expanded, and always rotundated 
at the margin. The ftalk adheres firmly to the tree to 
which it belongs, (the margins only are free, and a little 
elevated;) fmooth above, even, without reticulation or 
finuofity ; and, at all periods of its life, with fmall, white, 
orbicular foredia:-, bright underneath, and marked with 
unfrequent black fcattered fibres. The colour of the 
recent thallus is above of a tender green hue, inclining 
to yellow; when dry, of an afh-coloured glaucefcency; 
beneath dark brown. The fhields, hardly perceptible, 
grow in the centre of the thallus, orbicular and feflile; 
of the bignefs of the feed of the cultivated vetch ; the difk 
brown : the margin of one colour with the thallus; in- 
flexed in young fubjedls, crenulated in old ones. 
This lichen, which, though fufficiently plentiful in 
many parts of Britain, does not appear to have been no¬ 
ticed by any author, was firft pointed out by Mr. Borrer, 
a very particular friend of Mr. Turner, after whom he has 
named it. Mr. T. fent it to Dr. Acharius and Dr. Swartz, 
both of whom acknowledged it altogether new to them, 
and a very diftindt fpecies. Its appearance will be very 
well underftood by an infpedlion of fig. 8. a magnified 
view is given at fig. 9. and a fmall piece more magnified 
at fig. 10. the edge of the alga, or frond, is fliown at f. 
PARMENALO'RE, a town of Hindooftan, in.Coim- 
betore: 15 miles fouth-weft of Erroad. 
PARMEN'IDES, a celebrated Greek phiiofopher of 
the Eleatic fe6l, flourifhed about the fixty-ninth olympiad, 
or the year 504 B. C. He was a native of Elea, who pof- 
fefled a large patrimony, and lived in much fplendour in 
his earlier years. He alfo diftinguiflied himfelf in civil 
affairs ; and is faid to have drawn up for his fellow-citi¬ 
zens fome excellent laws to which their magiftrates ob¬ 
liged them to fwear obedience. Having formed an inti¬ 
macy with Diochetas, a Pythagorean, Parmenides was 
perfuaded by him to withdraw from the concerns of pub¬ 
lic life, to the filence and leifure of the fchools. Here 
he received the higheft fatisfaflion from the ftudy of 
philofophy ; and he confidered himfelf to be fo much in¬ 
debted to Diochetas, for firft introducing him to it, that 
after his death he confecrated a temple to his memory. 
627 
Parmenides became the difciple and fucceftor of Xeno¬ 
phanes, and is alfo faid to have attended the inftrudiions 
of Anaximander; but, if the latter ftatement be well- 
founded, it muft have been while he was very young. 
According to the teftimony of Cebes, in his Allegori¬ 
cal Table, our phiiofopher was diftinguiflied as an emi¬ 
nent pattern of virtue. He wrote the dodtrine of his 
fchool in verfes, of which a few mutilated fragments only 
have reached modern times, which were colledted toge¬ 
ther by Henry Stephens, under the title of “ de Poefi 
Philofophica,” &c. Plato, in the Dialogue to which he 
gave the name of Parmenides, profefled to reprefent his 
tenets, but confounded them with his own. The fol¬ 
lowing abftradl of his philofophy, as colledled by Brucker 
from the fcattered reports of the ancients, we give from 
Enfield’s abridgment of that author : “ Philofophy is two¬ 
fold ; that which follows the report of the fenfes, and that 
w'hich is according to reafon and truth. The former 
treats of the appearances of fenfible objects; the latter 
confiders the abftradl nature of things, and enquires into 
the conftitution of the univerfe. Abftradl philofophy 
teaches, that from nothing nothing can proceed. The 
univerfe is one, immoveable, immutable, eternal, and of 
a fpherical form. Whatever is not comprehended in the 
univerfe has no real exiftence. Nothing in nature is 
either produced or deflroyed, but merely appears to be 
fo to the fenfes. Phyfical philofophy teaches, that the 
principles of things are heat and cold, or fire and earth ; 
of which the former is the efficient, the latter the mate¬ 
rial, caufe ; that the earth is fpherical, and placed in the 
centre, being exadlly balanced by its diftance from the 
heavens, fo that there is no caufe why it fhould move 
one way rather than another; that the firft men w'ere 
produced from mud, by the adlion of heat upon cold ; 
that the frame of the world is liable to decay, but the 
univerfe itfelf remains the fame; and that the chief feat 
of the foul is the heart.” Parmenides adhered more 
clofely to the Pythagorean dodtrine than Xenophanes, 
the founder of the Eleatic fedt; for, while the latter con¬ 
fidered the univerfe as pofleffing within itfelf a divine 
force, the former fuppofed the Deity to be an informing 
principle, or intelledtual fire, diffufed throughout the- 
univerfe, but more efpecially refiding in the extreme 
fphere of the world; on which account he is metapho¬ 
rically reprefented by this phiiofopher as a crown of light, 
inclofing within its circumference the ceiellial orb. En¬ 
field's Hifi. Phil. b. ii. 
PARME'NIO, a diftinguiflied Macedonian commander, 
arofe to great reputation under king Philip, who is faid 
to have pronounced him “ the only general” he had ever 
met with. Alexander continued him in his fervice, and 
called him more particularly “ his friend ;” and Parme- 
nio w'as more attached to his fervice as a man than as a 
monarch. He continued to diftinguifh himfelf as a gene¬ 
ral, and as a difinterefted advifer of Alexander, fome¬ 
times called the Great; and his name of courfe occurs 
under that article, and thofe of Greece and Macedon ; 
but an account of the manner of his death has not, we 
believe, lien given. Had Alexander been really Great, 
he would have cherifhed a friend who gave him the bed 
advice; but this was not the cafe. Among 6'ther inftances' 
that might be mentioned, Parmenio difjfia-yed his good 
fenfe in endeavouring, though in vain, to divert Alex¬ 
ander from the frantic defign of burning the royal palac^ 
of Perfepolis. This and other interferences were dif- 
pleafing to the conqueror, and caufed Parmenio to be 
confidered by him as envious of his glory. His ruin 
however, was occafioned by the indifcreet condudl of his 
own fon Philotas. That youth wanted his father’s mo¬ 
deration; and, elated by his prince’s favour, affedled a 
pomp and fplendour which might render him fufpedled 
of ambitious views. His father, juftly apprehenfive of 
the confequences of this indifcretion, ufed to fay to him 
“ My fon, make thyfelf lefs.” The difcontents of the 
army at the Perfian manners aflumed by Alexander after 
the 
