PAS 
Abruzzo, where he died fuddenly. Immediately after 
information of his death was brought to his friends, they 
chofe one Albert in his room ; but he was apprehended 
on the very day of his ele&ion, and confined to the mo- 
naftery of St. Lawrence. In his room Guibert’s party 
elefted a Roman, named Theodoric ; who within be¬ 
tween three and four months fell into Pafchal’s hands, 
and was fiuit up in the monaltery of Cava near Paleftrina. 
Laftly the fame party defied an archprielt, called Mag- 
ninulph, who took the name of Silvefter IV. but, the 
intereft of Pafchal prevailing, he was forced to quit 
Rome, and died foon afterwards. 
Pafchal, having now triumphed overall his rivals, and 
feeming to be firm and fecure in the poffeffion of the apof- 
tolical chair, began the exercife of his pontifical office by 
fending legates into France, to remonltrate with king 
Philip on account of his living in open adultery with 
Bertrada, wife of Fulk count of Anjou, and to cut him 
off from the body of the church, ffiould not their admo¬ 
nitions have the effeft of reforming him. The legates, 
finding that the king paid no regard either to their ex¬ 
hortations or menaces, fummoned a council to afi'emble 
at Poitiers; and, having acquainted the affembly of the 
inefficacy of their endeavours to retrieve the king from 
his wickednefs, with 'their approbation excommunicated 
that prince and his adulterous concubine. In the year 
uoi, the pope, knowing that Anfelm, archbifliop of 
Canterbury, was wholly in his intereft, attempted to in¬ 
troduce the legatine power into England ; and fent over 
Guido, archbifliop of Vienne, with the charafter of his 
legate a latere ; but, when king Henry and the nation 
underftood that he w'as commiffioned to exercife in this 
kingdom the fame uncontrolled power over all perfon?, 
laymen as well as ecclefiaftics, which had been difplayed 
in other countries, but was altogether unprecedented in 
England, they would not acknowledge him, nor was he 
allowed to exercife any funftion of his office. 
In the year 1102, Pafchal affembled a council at Rome, 
in which the decrees of his predeceffors againft invefti¬ 
tures were confirmed, and the pope himfelf, with great 
folemnity, and in the prefence of an immenfe multitude, 
pronounced the fentence of excommunication againft the 
emperor Henry IV. This prince was afterwards glad to 
abdicate his throne in favour of his fon Henry V. Upon 
the death of the former, the pope held a council, in which 
decrees were palled which re-united the whole of Lom¬ 
bardy to the apoftolical fee, from which all that country, 
excepting the- places held by the countefs Matilda, had 
been feparated ever fince the year 1080, when it declared 
in favour of the antipope Guibert. 
By this time the pope had the mortification to find, 
that the new emperor was determined, equally with his 
predeceffors, to maintain his right to inveftitures ; the 
pope, therefore, to ftrengthen his own hands, fought an 
alliance with Philip of France, whom he had, fome time 
previoufly to this, abfolved from the fentence of excom¬ 
munication. I11 1107 the pope prefided in a council at 
Troyes, confiding of the biffiops from many places, who 
proved themfelves to be wholly fubfervient to the ambi¬ 
tion of the court of Rome, by confirming all the decrees 
relating to the pretended papal right to inveftitures. In 
3110 a compromife took place ; and in the following year 
Henry fet out for Rome, at the head of a numerous army, 
to be crowned. He was received with every mark of re- 
fpeft ; but, when the conditions of the treaty were to be 
mutually fulfilled, the German and Italian bilhops pre- 
fent protefted unanimoufly againft parting with their 
eftates, which they faid the pope had no right to difpofe 
of. This produced a warm altercation between the king 
and the pope, Pafchal declaring that he would not pro¬ 
ceed with the coronation unlefs the monarch immediately 
ratified his part of the treaty. Henry, in reply, ordered 
his guards to arreft the pope and all his cardinals, think¬ 
ing that, by this meafure, he ftiould compel Pafchal to 
crown him. Two of the cardinals contrived to efcape in 
Vol. XVIII. No. 1277. 
C H A L. 733 
difguife, and they animated the citizens of Rome to fly 
to arms, to refcue their pontiff. A civil contention took 
place, in which the friends of the pope were repulfed 
with great daughter. After Pafchal had been prifoner 
about two months, the monarch fwore, in the prefence 
of his army, that, if he did not fulfil the articles of agree¬ 
ment, he would put him, and all his adherents, to death. 
The pope was ftill unmoved, till the cardinals, and 
other prifoners, begged him to yield'for their fakes, and 
to prevent the calamities which muft otherwife fall upon 
the church. The articles of agreement were accordingly 
figned, and the monarch received a papal bull, confirm¬ 
ing to him the right of inveftiture. Things being thus 
fettled, the pope and Henry proceeded to the church of 
St. Peter, where the king was crowned emperor of the Ro¬ 
mans by the pope, with the ufual folemnity; foon after 
which that prince took his leave of his holinefs, and re¬ 
turned to Germany. Pafchal’s reception at Rome was 
highly mortifying: he was accufed of having facrificed 
the rights of the church, and the dignity of his ftation, 
to his own fafety. He affefted great contrition, and 
fanctioned the excommunication of the emperor. Hof- 
tilities were carried on by both parties till 1117, when 
Henry refolved to bring matters to a crifis, and fet out a 
fecond time for Italy, at the head of a numerous army. 
The contefts now were carried on with great violence till 
the beginning of the following year, when the pope died, 
after a reign of about eighteen years and a half, which 
he fpent in inceffant efforts for extending the power, and 
promoting the aggrandifement, of the papal fee. More 
than 100 of his Letters, and fome fragments of his De¬ 
crees, are inferted in the 10th vol. of the Colleft. Concil. 
PASCHAL III. (Pope or Antipope), originally known 
by the name of Guy cle Crema, was probably a native of 
the city whence he derived his furname. He was pro¬ 
moted to the facred college by pope Adrian IV. who fent 
him into Germany as legate to appeafe the refentment of 
the emperor Frederic Barbarofla, which he had provoked 
by his exorbitant and arrogant claims to the temporal 
power and authority. He was not fuccefsful in the objeft 
of his million ; on the death of Adrian, in 1159, the car¬ 
dinals were divided into two parties, the greater number 
of whom declared the election to have fallen upon Alex¬ 
ander III. while the minority, in which Guy was one, 
gave votes for cardinal Oftavian, who had long afpired 
to the pontificate, and was even prepared to fupport his 
pretenfions by an armed force. A double election took 
place, and the two rivals were confecrated by their re- 
fpeftive partizans, on which occafion Oftavian afl’umed 
the name of Vidlor. Supported by tile emperor, he re¬ 
tained the pontifical dignity till his death in 1164, when 
cardinal Guy was chofen his fucceffor, and took the name 
of Pafchal III. This election was confirmed by the empe¬ 
ror; and, in 1166, Pafchal wasacknowledgedin thecharac- 
ter of lovereign pontiff by the bilhops and princes of the 
empire at the diet of Wurtzburg. The Romans, however, 
declared for Alexander, and received him with the fame 
honours which had been paid to his predeceffors. A 
furious conteft was excited; but at length the greater 
part of the Romans fubmitted, and acknowledged Paf¬ 
chal as lawful pope. He died in 1168, after he had held, 
the title about four years. One of the chief afts which 
he performed in this character was the canonization of 
Charlemagne in the year 1165; but, as the Roman church 
claffes Pafchal among the antipopes, it does not agree to 
the honours of faintfnip which are paid to that prince. 
Platina et Anq/tq/ius de Vita Pont. Cave's Hiji. Lit. vol. ii. 
Mo/h. Hift. Eccl. lice. xii. 
PASCHA'SIUS-R AD'BERT,acelebratedFrench monk 
in the ninth century, to whole writings proteftant con- 
troverfialifts trace the origin of the doftrine.of tranfub- 
ftantiation, is molt generally fpoken of in ecclefiaftical 
liiftory under his pranomen, on which account we have 
affigned him to this department of our alphabetical lift. 
He was a native of Soiffons; and, being deferted in his 
9 A infancy 
