PATHOLOGY. 37 
time when he wrote, and indeed about twelve years after, 
fince the two laft of the io vols. of which that noble 
work confifted were publilhed, in 1788, with additions, by 
the learned editors, to that time. 
While fupplying the deficiencies of Haller, and extend¬ 
ing the enquiries to our own times, we Ihall be convinced 
of the impropriety of the title of one of his chapters juft 
quoted, “ the perfeftflate of anatomy,” fince anatomy and 
furgery, as well as pathology and phyfiology, have been 
rapidly improving ever fince. This has arif'en from the 
afiiftance of governments in the different countries. 
They being convinced that anatomy is one of the moft 
neceflary fciences, and the groundwork of the whole heal¬ 
ing art, but particularly of furgery, in many great cities 
academies were inftituted for the cultivation of practical 
anatomy; and fchools were alfo eftablifhed for the inftruc- 
tion of the theoretical and praftical parts of furgery. 
Thefe improvements in furgery have been chiefly 
made in England, France, and Germany; and in all thefe 
countries a number of very eminent men have appeared. 
The Englifh furgeons, befides poflefling an accurate 
knowledge of anatomy, and great abilities in the operative 
part of their profeflion, were the firft who endeavoured to 
bring the art to its prefent fimplicity. They directed alfo 
their attention, in a particular manner, to the diet of pa¬ 
tients ; the negleft of which had caufed the unfortunate 
iflue of many operations which had been dexteroufly 
performed. 
Among the furgeons of later times, we may firft men¬ 
tion the name of Sharp. He was a fcholarof Chefelden, 
and one of the beft furgeons of his day. Fie w r rote a 
Compendium of Surgical Operations, 1746; and alfo a 
Critical Inquiry into the State of Surgery ; both of which 
works are (till in high eftimation. 
In the year 1719, Dr. Monro, after vifiting the fchools 
of London, Paris, and Leyden, where he was a pupil of 
the great Boerhaave, came to Edinburgh ; and this may 
be confidered as the date of the foundation of the Edin¬ 
burgh medical fchool. He began by giving leisures on 
anatomy and furgery, the firft which were delivered in 
Edinburgh ; and in the year 1721 he was appointed pro- 
feflor of anatomy and furgery to the univerfity. This 
eminent anatomift and furgeon, befides filling his chair 
with the greateft reputation, contributed to the advance¬ 
ment of our knowledge in many important parts of ana¬ 
tomy and furgery. His works, publilhed by his fon, be¬ 
fides his Treatife on Ofteology, which is certainly the beft 
defcription of the bones that has ever been given, will be 
found to contain many interefting and valuable obferva- 
tions on various furgical difeafes. 
Jofeph Warner, furgeon of Guy’s Hofpital, in London, 
publifhed his Cafes and Remarks in Surgery in the year 
1754, a work which contains many very important practi¬ 
cal remarks. He afterwards publilhed a very good work, 
containing a defcription of the human eyeand its adjacent 
parts, in which he particularly rejefts thefaftening of the 
eye during the operation of cataraft. He alfo publifhed 
An Account of the Tefticles, their Common Coverings 
and Coats, &c, 
Percival Pott, furgeon of St. Bartholomew’s Hofpital, 
may be juftly confidered as one of the principal Englilh 
furgeons of his time. He was not only a fuccefsful prac¬ 
titioner, but an induftrious and excellent writer. The 
merits of Pott are indeed confiderable. He threw much 
light on the doftrine of wounds of the head, by his accu¬ 
rate arrangement of the different kinds of injuries to 
which the head is fubjeft. He alfo gives a good account 
of hydrocele and the other difeafes of the tefticle. For 
the operation of the fiftula in ano, he made material im¬ 
provements. He lias given many ufeful hints on fra ft 11 res 
and diflocations; and he was a great champion in favour 
of the operation for cataraft by couching. He was the 
firft perfon who defcribed the chimney-fweeps cancer; 
and on hernia, polypus, and curvatures of the fpine, he 
Vol. XIX. No. 1283. 
has made many judicious pathological and praftical cb- 
fervations. 
Charles White, furgeon in Manchefter, publilhed an 
excellent praftical w'ork in the year 1770, in which he 
recommends amputation of the foot, a little above the 
ankle-joint, inftead of under the knee, as had ufually been 
praftifed. He alfo ftiows the eft’eftof fawing off the ends 
of bones ; and difcuffes feveral other interefting points 
in furgery. In the fame year, Mr. Elfe, of St. Thomas’s 
Hofpital, publilhed his treatife on the hydrocele, in which 
he recommends, the ufe of cauftic in the cure of that 
difeafe. 
In the year 1770, Mr. Deafe, of Dublin, wrote an ex¬ 
cellent treatife on the wounds of the head. Mr. Brom- 
field, of St, George’s Hofpital, and Mr. Hill, furgeon at 
Dumfries, alfo diltinguilhed themfelves ; Mr. Bromfield 
for his Chirurgical Oblervations, and Mr. flill for his 
Obfervations on Cancers. 
In the year 1778, Mr. Benjamin Bell publilhed the firft 
volume of his Syftem of Surgery. The reputation of this 
work was foon fuch, that it was tranllated into the 
French and German languages ; and it has fince gone 
through feveral editions in thefe, and many in Englilh. 
This work prefented the moft complete fyftem of furgery 
which had ever appeared ; and in every part of it there is 
difplayed a talent for praftical obfervation and clearnefs 
of thought which mull render it ever a ufeful and valua¬ 
ble prefent to furgery. Like all fuch extenfive works, it 
is not without faults, and the language in which it is 
written is in fome places prolix and diffufe ; but, not- 
withllanding its errors, it certainly mull be confidered as 
the moft ufeful body of furgery that has yet appeared in 
this country. 
We are aware that we have omitted the names of very 
many eminent Englilh furgeons and anatomifts; as 
Douglas, Cowper, Alanfon, Hawkins, Smellie, &c. &c. 
The details, however, of their refpeftive inventions and 
difcoveries, would exceed our limits; and, indeed, may 
very well be fpared, for there is confefledly great difficulty 
in afcribing even anatomical fafts to their right difco- 
verer, much more theabftrufe and obfcure fpeculations of 
phyfiologifts. Moreover, the fame fafts have been difco- 
vered by different perfons, ignorant of the refearches of 
each other, and each has been equally tenacious of his 
prior claim. Thus, the difcovery of certain parts of the 
lymphatic fyftem, was made by Dr. Wm. Hunter, and by 
Monro, jun. of Edinburgh, each unconfcious of the other’s 
labours. The publication of them aroufed much con- 
troverfy and litigation. Numerous inllances might be 
adduced of a fimilar kind. 
Periodical medical works were fet on foot in Great 
Britain about this time. Upon the great utility of fuch 
publications, in diffufing knowledge far and wide, we 
need not enlarge after what has been faid under the arti¬ 
cle Magazine, vol. xiv. p. 90. The Edinburgh Medical 
Eflays were firlt publifned in 1732, being eleven years an¬ 
tecedent to the appearance of the Memoirs of the French 
Academy. 
Italy, during this period, lent fome aid to the improve¬ 
ment of furgery, by the leftures of Molinelli, Bertrandi, 
and Mofcati; while, in Holland, Albinus, Deventer, and 
Camper, by their difcoveries and improvements, and ftill 
more by their free communication of them, endeavoured 
to remove the ftigma which the charlatanifm and fe- 
crecy obferved by Ruyfcli, Roonhuyfen, and Raw, had 
thrown on the furgery of that country. 
In Germany, and the north of Europe, flourifhed 
Heifter, the feliow-ftudent of Albinus, Blatner, Roederer, 
Stein, Bilguer, Acree, Brambilia, Theden, Richter, &c. 
The reign of Louis XIV. has been called, by Richerand, 
the iron age of furgery in France. Yet the French, at 
that time, prided themfelves on the almoft exclufive pof- 
feffion of chirurgical praftitioners. “ Les progres de la 
chirurgie,” obferves M. De Francheville, “furent fi 
L rapides 
