PATHOLOGY. 
58 
afcribed to the many eminent men it has ranked among 
its teachers. Of thefe we need only mention Haller and 
Richter, Zinn and Roderer, among its former, and 
Blumenbach, Ofiar.der, Langenbeck, and Himly, among 
its prefent, profeflors, to prove that its title to be ranked 
among the firft medical fchools, is as juft as the claims 
which it undoubtedly eftabliflies, on the merits of fo many 
illuftr'ious charafters in other departments, to be called 
the fii'ft literary and philofophical fchool in Germany. 
In regard to the courfe of ftudy to be purfued to en¬ 
title the Undent to a diploma, there are no fixed regu¬ 
lations here, nor, indeed, in any of the Proteftant uni- 
verfities of Germany. Ail that is required is, that the 
candidate fiiould be able to undergo his examination. 
No queftions are allied refpefting the duration of his 
ftudies, or the univerfity where he has acquired his know¬ 
ledge ; but, in general, it requires three or four years 
previous ftudy to be able to pais the examination, which 
is drift and fair. It embraces all parts of theoretical and 
prafticai medicine, including botany and chemiftry; and 
a thefts in Latin is fubfequently defended before the uni- 
verftty. The expenfe of graduating is about 40 louis 
d’or, and the examinators are the members of the me¬ 
dical faculty, generally the four eldeft. Medical ftu- 
dents generally fpend three or four years at Gottingen, 
graduate, and then complete their ftudies in the hofpi- 
tals of Vienna or Berlin. It is, in faft, chiefly a literary 
medical fchool, and, the opportunities of diffiefting ex¬ 
cepted, bears the fame relation to Vienna and Berlin, as 
Edinburgh or Glafgow does to London. The opportu¬ 
nities forltudy are unequalled. Thefreeand unfhackled 
life of a raoft fplendid library; the excellent leftures of 
its celebrated teachers, and thefe at a very moderate 
price ; the peculiar fituation of the univerfity, in a fmall 
town, from which public amufements and other temp¬ 
tations to idlenefs are baniflied, where there is 1 ittle or 
no general fociety, and where the general tone and ha¬ 
bits are purely literary, are advantages which few uni- 
verfities in Europe combine. 
In 1815, the number of ftudepts at Gottingen was 
860 ; of thefe 604 were foreigners, (i. e. not Hanove¬ 
rians,) and 146 medical ftudents : 
In 1816, there were 1132; of thefe, 745 were foreigners, 234 medical. 
1817, 1160 710 223 
1818, 1158 686 210 
An unfortunate difturbance which broke out among the 
ftudents in 1819, had greatly reduced the number; but 
we are happy to learn, that it is rapidly regaining its 
former numbers, and that the (form which threatened 
its entire deftruftion, has purified it of many things 
which obfcured its advantages. 
The falaries of the profeflors depend on government, 
and are not generally known. They vary according to 
the merit and popularity of the profefl'or. Thus, a young 
profefl'or may- receive only 400 or 500 dollars, perhaps 
lefts ; while 1500 are given to tempt a man of eftabliflted 
reputation to come and fettle in the univerfity. We 
believe that no profefTor in Gottingen has more than 
1500 dollars; few fo much. 
There are three hofpitals in Gottingen: 1. A medical 
and furgical hofpital, under the care of profeffor Himly. 
2. A furgical hofpital, under profefl'or Langenbeck. 3. 
A lying-in hofpital, under profefl'or Ofiander. There 
is'alfo a botanical garden,a mufeutn, chemical laboratory, 
phyfical apparatus, and a public library. The leftures 
of the profeflors are all delivered in German ; and here 
we may obferve, that in no part of Germany is the lan¬ 
guage better fpoken than in Gottingen, and that to fo¬ 
reigners it affords the advantage of a molt excellent maf- 
ter, profefl'or Benecke, profefl'or of the ancient German, 
and one of the firft Teutonic fcholars now living. The 
terms of ftudy are called Semeftres ; the one commences 
on the 26th of April, and lafts about five months; the 
other fome time in Oftober. The leftures are delivered 
every day, except Sunday. The fee to each courfe is ge¬ 
nerally a louis d’or, and never more than two. Befides 
the public leftures, the profeflors are in the habit of 
giving private inftruftions to one or more pupils. Tnefe 
are called privatijjima. Profeflors Himly and Langenbeck 
each give privatiflima on the operations of furgery, and 
on difeafes of the eye. Three or four pupils generally 
unite. The profefl'or commonly receives ten louis d’or 
for a privatiflimum. There are alfo feveral private lec¬ 
turers, but none of equal eminence with the profeflors. 
Tiie -library is one of the mcft fplendid and ufeful in 
the world, and occupies a large and convenient building 
in the centre of the town. It confifts of upwards of 
200,000 volumes. It poffeffes few manufcripts or curio- 
fities ; but aims at general utility. The books occupy 
nine large halls, and are arranged in a fyftematic order. - 
In one department are the theological, in another the 
medical, books, &c. &c. Thefe are again divided; and 
under the heads of neurology, midwifery, opthalmology, 
jurifprudential medicine. See. Szc. the ftudent finds every 
thing which has been written on the particular fubjeft of 
his ftudies. The laft alphabetical catalogue confifts of 
180 volumes folio. There are generally about 3000 books 
in circulation among the ftudents. To keep pace with 
the progrefs of knowledge, about 5 or 6000 dollars 
(ioool.) are annually expended in new works. Thefe 
funds are derived from what is called the cloifter-fund ; 
the produce of the cloifters and convents which were 
fuppreffed at the time of the Reformation, and which in 
Hanover have always been devoted to the fupport of 
libraries and charitable inftitutions. This fum would 
not, of courfe, be fufficient for the fupport of this noble 
library, were it not to receive many donations from au¬ 
thors. The learned focieties are in the habit of fending 
their Tranfaftions ; among thefe we obferved the name of 
the Royal Society. His prefent majefty, while regent, pre- 
fented a moft fplendid colleftion of books to this library. 
Although the Anatomical School is profefl'edly under 
the charge of the profeftor, profefl'or Hempel, it owes 
its chief advantages to the diligence and celebrity of the 
profefl'or of furgery, Langenbeck. A building was in¬ 
deed devoted to anatomical purfuits as early as 1738, but 
in a literary univerfity we fteldom find that much atten¬ 
tion is paid to prafticai anatomy. The Surgical Hofpital 
is a large and commodious building, and has been fitted 
up in a very'judicious and ufeful manner. It is devoid 
of architectural ornament; but is placed in an open 
garden, and well ventilated. It contains two lofty wards, 
adjoining each other; the one for men, the other for 
women : each ward contains twelve beds. At the one 
extremity are the nurtes rooms, the other leads'to thq 
operation-room, which is built in the form of an amphi- 4 * 
theatre. Two fmall wards, attached to the bperating- 
room, are devoted to difeafes of the eye, each containing 
four beds. Under the Operating Theatre on the ground- 
floor is the Surgical Auditorium, and adjoining it a moft 
fplendid colleftion of furgical inftruments and bandages. 
Patients are received into the hofpital without the pay¬ 
ment of any Itipend or fee. The reputation of this hof- 
pital being very great, patients often come a diftance of 
fifty or one hundred miles to it; but only curable and 
inftruftivecafes are admitted. By thefe means no ferneftre 
pafles over without affording the ftudents the opportunity 
of ieeing almoft all the important operations. 
The Surgical Hofpital is attended by from feventy' to 
eighty ftudents, wdio are divided into praclicanten and 
avjcaltanten-, i. e. praftitioners and lifteners. The former 
confift of thofe who have attended a previous courfe, and 
now take in rotation the charge of a patient. On doing 
this they are obliged to give an account of the difeafe, 
and anfwer all queftions which may be put by the pro¬ 
fefl'or refpefting the anatomy, pathology, and treatment, 
of the patient. Profefl'or Langenbeck in his leftures on 
furgery, which he delivers daily from one to three o’clock, 
4 . gives 
