61 
PATH 
and fcarfs of white filk tied round the waift. They 
marched to the riding-fchool in files of four deep, and 
formed an immenfe cavalcade. There were, befides, 
about fifty ftudents on horfeback, who were to ferve 
as a guard of honour to his majefty ; tliefe wore blue 
coats with red collars, buff-leather fmall-clothes and 
large boots, and cocked hats with white feathers. Each 
of them carried a drawn fword in his hand. The riding- 
fchool is in the form of an oblong fquare ; and on one 
fide of it the ftudents ranged themfelves along in double 
rows, the inhabitants of the town (landing immediately 
oppofite to them, while his majefty was conducted to an 
open pavilion that was placed at the upper end of the 
room, and hung with a rich drapery of crimlon velvet 
and white fat'in. To this there was an afcent of feven 
fteps, and two young gentlemen of the guard of 
lionour flood on the firft ftep in frout of his majefty. 
In the pavilion with his majefty were the landgravine 
of Heffe Hombourg, his filler, the dukes of Cam¬ 
bridge and Cumberland, with their ducheffes, feveral 
minor princes, and the noblemen and gentlemen of 
his majefly’s fuite, who took their ftation in the 
rear. A large party of the ftudents now got on horfe¬ 
back, and went through various equeftrian exercifes, 
brandifhing their lances with great agility, while they 
made a profound obeifance every time they puffed 
his majefty. Some Turks in effigy, who flood as their 
opponents, were foon deprived of their heads : the 
young cavaliers (hot them off with great adroitnefs as 
they rode forward at full gallop, and dilplayed them al¬ 
ternately on the points of their lances and of their long 
fvvords. They then rode a quadrille ; and no French 
dancing mailer of the firft celebrity could have fhown 
more precifion in the different figures than they evinced. 
His majefty partook of fome refrefhment before he re¬ 
entered his carriage, and was prefented with two poe.ms, 
one in German, and the other in Latin. After leaving 
the viding-fchool, his majefty pafled through the princi¬ 
pal ftreets, and then proceeded to the hall, where the 
profeffor of natural hillory gives lectures. Here his ma¬ 
jefty received the heads of the univerfity and the civic 
authorities. He then returned to his carriage, and con¬ 
tinued his journey. 
Catholic Univeijities .—There are two German univer- 
fities in the Auftrian empire, Vienna and Prague; and 
five Lyceums, Lemberg, Gratz, Olmutz, Klagenfurt, 
and Linz. The difference between the univerfities and 
the lyceums, fo far as concerns medical ftudy, is, that 
furgery alone is taught in the latter, both medicine and 
furgery in the former. 
The emperor Frederic II. as appears from a work 
which he compofed, and which bears for title, “ De Arte 
Venandi cum Avibus,” had himfelf made numerous ob- 
fervations in comparative anatomy. He is quoted as an 
authority by profeffor B 1 umenbach. Frederic is enti¬ 
tled to the everlafting gratitude of mankind, for the 
exertions which he made in oppofing the fuperftitions 
and the prejudices, which during the thirteenth century 
prefled down into the dull knowledge of almofl every 
kind, efpecially medical knowledge. He got Galen 
tranflated ; gave orders that every year in Palermo a hu¬ 
man body fhould be diffeCted ; and commanded that no 
man fhould be permitted to praCtife furgery who had not 
ltudied anatomy on the human fubjebt. It was in the 
year 1237, that he granted leave to the fenate pf Vi¬ 
enna to eftablifli a univerfity. This inllitution was con- 
fiderably improved by Albert I. in 1296, Ottokar of 
Bohemia added to the number of teachers, and aug¬ 
mented their incomes. Under Albert II. the univerfity 
of Vienna flourifhed (till more: he too added to the 
number of profeffors, and granted them public audito- 
ria and free dwellings in the imperial caftle. Duke Ru¬ 
dolph IV. in 1364, removed the academical uudiloria, and 
the dwellings of the profeffors, to the Minoriten-Cloiiler, 
Vol.XIX. No. iily. 
O L O G Y. 
and to the houfes of the former knight-templars, as thefe 
were more Hill and retired. In 1365, pope Urban V. if- 
fued a bull of ratification for the juridical, medical, and 
philofophical, faculties of the univerfity. On the folicl- 
tation of duke Albert III. the theological faculty was 
added by Urban VI. In 1366, this univerfity was ar¬ 
ranged anew, after the model of that of Paris, and ftu¬ 
dents were now admitted from the Auftrian, Rhenifh, 
Saxon, and Bohemian, nations. Under Albert III. in 
1388, the number of profeffors rofe to thirty ; and con- 
fiderable additions were made to the accommodations of 
the univerfity. Ferdinand II. in 1622, gave over this in- 
flitution into the hands of the Jefuits, who, though they 
were themfelves (hut out from the profelforfhips, yet 
knew how to retain the whole government of the univer¬ 
fity till the year 1754, when the learned and enlightened 
commentator on Boerhaave, Gerard baron Van Swieten, 
fucceeded, againft much oppofition, in introducing very 
important improvements. He new-modelled the whole 
medical faculty, and arranged it in a manner much more 
likely to anfwer its profelfed object than it had hitherto 
done. He introduced profefforfhips of chemiftry and of 
botany; and the eftablilhment of a botanical garden, and 
of a complete collection of chemical and furgical inftru- 
rnents, was wholly owing to him. He alfo brought for¬ 
ward a propofal for a profeflbrlhip of midwifery. He 
drew the moll celebrated men of all claifes to Vienna, af- 
furing them of adequate falaries. The univerfity of Vi¬ 
enna is at prefent the richeft in all Germany. Under 
the reigns of Maria Therefa, Jofeph II. Leopold II. and 
the prefent emperor, it has fo rifen in reputation amongfl 
the catholic univerfities, that it now occupies, efpe¬ 
cially as a medical fchool, the very firft rank. 
The buildings of the univerfity of Vienna are fituated 
in the town, which is fmall, and is feparated by a wide 
efplanade from the luburbs, in one of which is th e Allge- 
meine Krunkenhuus, or General Hofpital. The hours of 
lecturing in the univerfity interfere with thofe of the vi- 
fits in the hofpital. Hence the lectures are but rarely 
attended by thofe foreigners who vilit Vienna in purfuit 
of their medical ftudies; amongfl whom are found ftu¬ 
dents not only from the weftern and northern countries 
of Germany, but from Hungary, Swiflerland, Italy, Ruf- 
fia, Denmark, Holland, and even France and England, 
and with them many who have already praftifed medi¬ 
cine, and occafionally profeflors from diftant univerfities. 
It is chiefly from the admirable arrangements of the 
clinics for internal difeafes, for difeafes of the eye, and for 
lying-in women, and from the celebrity of the profeffors 
of thefe three clinics, that foreign ftudents are attracted 
to .Vienna. 
I11 order to be admitted a ftudent of medicine in an 
Auftrian univerfity, it is necefl’ary that the candidate 
fhould' lay before the dire&or of medical ftudy, certifi¬ 
cates of his having ftudied philofophy for three years in a 
lyceum. Under philofophy are comprehended the Latin 
and Greek languages, hillory, mathematics, natural and 
moral philofophy, and religion. The fchool-year in 
Vienna begins with November, and ends with Augufl. 
The courfe of medical ftudy extends to five years, and 
comprehends the following leCtures ; 
Firft Year: 1. Introduction to medico-chirurgical 
ftudy, and natural hiftory, by profeffor Von Scherer. 
2. Anatomy, by profeffor Mayer. 3. Botany, by profeffor 
Jofeph Von Jacquin. 
Second Year: 1. Phyfiology, by profeffor Prochafka, 
2. General chemiftry, by profeffor Jofeph Von Jacquin. 
Third Year: 1. General pathology and therapeutics, 
by profeffor Hartmann. 2. Midwifery, by profeffor Boer. 
3. Materia-medica et chirurgica, by profeffor Hartmann. 
4. General and fpecial pathology of external difeafes, by 
profeffor Von Rudtorffer. 5. Ophthalmology, by pro¬ 
feffor Prochafka. 6. Demonflration of furgical inltru- 
ments and bandages, by profeffor Von Rudtorffer. 
R Fourth 
