62 PATHOLOGY. 
Fourth Year: i. Special therapeutics of internal dif¬ 
eafes. 2. Clinic for internal difeafes. 3. Veterinary 
medicine, by the direftor of the veterinary fchool. 
Fifth Year: 1. Special therapeutics of internal difeafes. 
*. Clinic for internal difeafes. 3. Medical jurifprudence, 
by profefi'or Bernt. 4. Medical police, by the fame. 
The ftudents of medicine, a clafs who in Vienna are 
ftridlly diftinguifhed from the ftudents of furgery, are 
not obliged to attend the following leftures : 1. Practical 
furgery, by profefi'or Kern. 2. Practical ophthalmology, 
by profefi'or Beer, 3. General pathology, therapeutics, 
and materia medica, by profefi'or Herrman. 4. Special 
therapeutics of internal difeafes, by profefi'or Raimann. 
Such are the ordinary ledlures on medicine in the uni- 
verfity of Vienna. Thofe indeed of Kern, Beer, and 
Raimann, are delivered in the General Hofpital. For 
none of the above lectures is any fee paid by thofe who 
are enrolled as ftudents in the univerfity. The expenfe 
of enrollment is fifteen paper-guldens half-yearly, which 
is about 10s. For the lectures and clinic of profefi’or 
Beer, ftrangers pay twenty-five paper-guldens yearly. 
The lectures of profefl'ors Herrmann and Raimann are 
defigned for candidates in furgery, and are feldom at¬ 
tended by ftudents of medicine. 
The following are accounted extraordinary lectures: 
1. Difeafes of women and children, by profefi'or Boer. 
2. Philofophical and phyfical knowdedge necefiary for 
furgeons, by profefi'or Piisling. 3. Duties of thofe who 
attend the lick, by profefi'or Schmidt. The leftures of 
Prochafka on phyfiology, and of Hartmann, are given 
in Latin: the others in German. 
The ftudents of pradtical anatomy carry on their dif- 
fedtions in the univerfity. To foreigners, fubjedls are 
ftupplied at the price ot feven paper-guldens. They are 
brought from the General Hofpital, but are not fo plen¬ 
tiful as in the difledling-rooms of Paris. All diffedtion 
in the General Hofpital is at prefent ftridtly forbidden ; 
but it is not unfrequent to obtain leave to difl'edt in the 
Military Hofpital, which is clofely adjoining to the ge¬ 
neral one, whence the dead bodies are f'urnifhed. 
Befides the public ledtures, feveral of the profefl'ors in 
the univerfity of Vienna give occafional privatijjima. 
By the fpecial order of government, foreigners only are 
allowed to take advantage of thefe private courfes. Pro- 
feflor Mayer gives private demonftrations on anatomy in 
this way, or in any particular part of anatomy which is 
defired. Profefi'or Von Rudtorff'er gives over the priva¬ 
tijjima on bandages and furgical inftruments, to his affift- 
ant. Profefi'or Kern ufually does the fame in regard to 
furgical operations. The afliftant alfo in the obftetrical 
clinic gives privatijjima. Profefi'or Beer and his afliftant, 
Dr. Rofas, give limilar courfes on the operative furgery of 
the eye. The number of ftudents admitted to a priva- 
tijjimvm, is generally fix. 
In all the public courfes of medicine and furgery, an 
examination of the enrolled ftudents is held by the feve¬ 
ral profefl'ors every half-year, in prefence of one or more 
of the other office-bearers of the univerfity. In order to 
be admitted to examination fora degree in medicine, the 
candidate muff: produce certificates of having acquitted 
himfelf refpedlably in three femeftrai examinations, of 
having completed his fifth year ot ftudy, and of having 
publicly treated within the laft half-year two patients in 
the clinic for internal difeafes, the cafes of which patients 
he mult at the fame time prefent to the faculty, written 
in Latin. 
He who afpires to the degree of Magijier Chirurgia, a 
rank analogous to that of memberof one of our colleges, 
is obliged to follow nearly the fame courfe of ftudy as the 
candidate for a degree in medicine. It is different in 
regard to the common civil and country furgeons, as 
they are called. Thefe ftudy Only two years, and, fo far 
from being required, are fcarcely admitted to attend the 
Latin ledtures of Prochafka and Hartmann. Neither in 
Auftria, nor, fo far as we have feen, in any part of Ger¬ 
many, is this clafs of furgeons refpedlable. They are in¬ 
ferior to the officiers de J'anit of France, and ftill retain 
the helmet of Mambrino, and execute at once the duties 
of barbers and of furgeons. 
One of the public examinations for the degree of mailer 
in furgery confifts in the performance of two operations 
on the dead body. The operations are determined by 
lot. The candidate defcribes the furgical anatomy of the 
parts, lays down the indications for the operations, per¬ 
forms them upon the dead body which is before him, and 
applies the proper bandages. 
Degrees are granted by the univerfity of Vienna in 
ophthalmology'. Doctors in medicine, and mailers in 
furgery, are conlidered as having taken this degree : -but 
no one elfecan publicly pradtife as an oculift in the Au- 
llrian Hates, unlefs he has attended the ledtures of Pro- 
chalka, and undergone an examination by him on the 
difeafes of the eye. 
The marked diltindtion of ftudents of medicine from 
ftudents of furgery, the fevere courfe of ftudy. to which 
the former are fubjedted, the negledtful and almoft con¬ 
temptful education of the inferior order of furgeons, and 
the uncommon opportunities for ftudying difeafes of the 
eye, efpecially under men of fuch reputation as Pro¬ 
chafka and Beer, are prominent points in the medical' 
fchool of Vienna, fo far as the univerfity is concerned. 
The Hate of the profeffion throughout Auftria corre- 
fponds exadlly with the provifions made by the govern- . 
ment for medical and furgical education. The phyficians 
are diftinguilhed for their extenfive and pradlical know r - 
ledge. Surgery, on the other hand, feems to languifb. 
As for what the Germans have termed ophthalmology; 
the fcience of Prochafka, the enthufiafm, the profound- 
nefs, and the amazing dexterity of Beer, have contri¬ 
buted to render this one of their favourite itudies ; and 
accordingly their pradlice in this branch is very excellent, 
and their operations are performed w'ith the greateft judg¬ 
ment and fpirit. Indeed, a work recently publilhed in 
Germany appears to give them the palm over every other 
nation as oculifts ; and we mull confefs that in many 
points they have outftripped the Englifh. This however 
is not to be wondered at, when we confider how few in 
this country make the ftudy of ophthalmic complaints 
part of their education, while in Germany it forms one 
of the indifpenfible qualifications of every pradlitioner. 
Honour, liberty, and life, in fo far as they depend upon 
medico-judiciary reports and infpedlions, are not made 
the fport of ignorance and carelefinefs in Auftria. Me¬ 
dical jurifprudence forms an indifpenfable part of ftudy 
in the univerfity of Vienna; and certain extraordinary 
means of promoting an accurate knowledge of this branch 
of medical fcience have been adopted by the government, 
which are well worthy of imitation. - Thefe confift in the 
publication of a code of regulations, by which all medi¬ 
co-judiciary infpedlions are to be conducted throughout 
the empire, and reports to be drawn up ; and in the per¬ 
formance of infpedlions publicly, upon the dead bodies 
which are found in fufpicious circumftances, and which, 
not being at firft recognized, are carried to the dead-room 
of the General Hofpital. Due notice is given to the ftu¬ 
dents at what hour fuch infpedlions are to take place; 
and they have thus an opportunity of feeing thofe regu¬ 
lations put in practice which they themfelves will one 
day be called to fulfil. We may here notice, that, after 
every death in the Auftrian dominions, the phyfician or 
furgeon who attended is required to fign a paper, certify¬ 
ing the difeafe, and whether it were contagious. If it 
was contagious, the law obliges the relatives to have all 
the bed-clothes fumigated. In Vienna there is an eftai- 
blifhment for this purpofe, where, on paying a fmall fum, 
the fumigation is properly performed. 
There are feveral anatomical mufeums contained in 
the univerfity. That of profefi’or Prochafka is the only 
one which excites any peculiar intereft. As our biogra¬ 
phical articles cannot of courfe include any but perlons 
deceafed, 
