78 
PATHOLOGY. 
ftudying medicine, that the author, Chani-Zadeh, re- 
folved to compofe his work on the rules of fcience, the 
benefit of which he confiders infinite. He therefore par¬ 
ticularly recommends the repeated perufal of it, in the 
order in which the articles occur, as the belt means of 
avoiding error and forgetfulnefs. As the dofes of medi¬ 
cines have been determined from the period of infancy 
to that of manhood, he notices the neceflity, in their 
adminiftration, of confidering the age, fex, and ftrength, 
of the patient, as well as the nature of the climate. It is 
ufelefs, he thinks, to collect a great variety of remedies 
for the fame difeafe, in order to indulge the caprices of 
patients; for moll of the complicated preparations are to 
be found in “ The Provincial” and other treatifes on 
Materia Medica. At the end of the work there is a lift 
of various applications, with a reference to all thofe com¬ 
plaints for which they are necefiary. Independently of 
medical men, the author folicits the attention of thofe 
perfons who may perufe his work, to dedicate the fame 
proportional attention to the feveral articles as he de¬ 
voted to their competition. As the work is intended 
equally for thofe out of the medical profeftion, its techni¬ 
cal abbreviations may be palled over when they are not 
intelligible ; but, in general, only limple phrafes have 
been employed in fubjedts relating to general utility. 
The author difclaims the prefumptuous thought, that the 
advantages of his book will extend to the whole world; 
though he, at the fame time, flatters himfelf that it will 
be ufeful to feme individuals. For admitting, fays he, 
that a phylician in pofl'eflion of the work had no other 
merit than that of underftanding it, he would not be ca¬ 
pable of doing fo much good as an accomplilhed medical 
man. The latter would always be fuperior to him, from 
I'.is practical knowledge; but, on the other hand, prac¬ 
tice alone is inadequate to conftitute a learned profelfional 
character; whatever may have been his difpofition or op¬ 
portunities, a profound lludy of books will be equally 
necefiary. Of thefe afl'ertions, he confiders that the pre- 
fent work furniflies numerous fatisfadlory proofs. In all 
inftauces he defires, as the recompenfe of his labour, not 
only the glory of having ferved his country, but alfo the 
fatisfaftory convi&ion of his having contributed, by his 
unremitted efforts, to the benefit of mankind. 
After the fecond preface cotnes the author’s Introduc¬ 
tion to Therapeutics, the arrangement of which partakes 
of that of other works on the fame fubjedl: the third and 
laft book concludes with a Pharmacopoeia in Arabic and 
Turkifh, containing 319 formula, applicable to all forts 
of difeafes. 
Abridgment of the General Table of Contents.—Book 
I. Anatomy. Part 1. Ofteology; Part 2. Myology; 
Part 3. Splanchnology; Part 4. Angeology and Neurology. 
Book II. Phyfiology ; comprehending Natural Facul¬ 
ties,divided into 22 articles.—Corporeal Faculties, in 21 
articles.— Of InftinCl, or the Animal Faculty, 1 3 articles. 
—Of Difeafes in general.—Of the Nature of Difeafes.— 
The Analogy of Difeafes, divided into 8 articles.—Oil 
Averfions produced by different Caufes.—On the Signs 
or Characters of Difeafes. 
Book III. Nofology and Therapeutics; comprehend¬ 
ing 208 foiio pages, and 55 articles, on feparate Difeafes. 
Vaccination is treated of, as M. Biar.chi fays, in an in- 
terefting manner, confidering that the author is a Mufl'ul- 
man. He dwells particularly on the importance of the 
difeovery, and infills on its advantages over inoculation, 
which had been long known among the Arabians! He 
fays, on this occafion, that fmall-pox, though before un¬ 
known, penetrated into Turkey at the conqueft of 
Egypt by Selim I. The hiftory of vaccination is given 
from the work of Dr. Caran (De Caro), a German phy- 
fician, who, according to M. Bianchi, firft introduced 
vaccination into the Eall. The author notices alfo the 
experiments made in vaccination, in the year 1800, at the 
palace of lord Elgin, at that time the Britilh ambalfador 
at Conftantinople, as’ 1 well as thofe inftituted at Vienna, 
in the prefence of the emperor of Auftria, and the encou¬ 
ragements afforded by this fovereign, who caufed his own 
children to be vaccinated. He quotes entire paflfages 
from the different treatifes on vaccination by Drs. 
Ranque, Laurens, Maudine, and Guillotin: he more 
particularly recommends the work of the latter to thofe 
who are willing to be convinced of the benefits of vacci¬ 
nation. The fubjedl is terminated with a conclufion, 
which is entirely original, on the mode of performing 
vaccination, and what is necefiary in the operation, of 
which the principal periods and complications are de- 
feribed. The vaccine lymph is obferved not to be always 
peculiar to cows, and to be portable. He alfo informs 
us, that which was firft obtained at Conftantinople came 
from America, England, and other countries ; but that 
it is alfo to be procured in the village of Ai'az Aga, in the 
neighbourhood of Kiadkhaneh, in the environs of Con¬ 
ftantinople; and that from the laft fource many thoufand 
perfons have been vaccinated. 
M. Bianchi informs us, that there have long exifted, at 
Conftantinople, hofpitals for fick Muflulmen, which are 
called by the Turks Tab'-y-Khaneh. The greater number 
of the imperial mofques have fuch eftablifhments annexed 
to them, but the moll confiderable are thofe of thefultan 
Bayezid Selim and fultan Suleyman. The following 
temples have alfo inftitutions of the fame nature; viz. 
Khafleki Djamy, Tfchinili Djamy, Mihrmahfultane, 
Djamifi, and Kilidj-Aly-Pacha Djamifi ; as well as the 
Selimie, at Scutari. There are alfoafylums where patients, 
reclining on fof3s, are dieted in a careful manner, as in 
hofpitals properly fo called; but the afllftance of medicine 
is entirely negledted. From the word Nev Idjad, or New 
Creation, M. Bianchi was led to fuppofe that the author, 
Chani-Zadeh, alluded to eftablifhments founded by the 
late fultan : but, as Bianchi himfelf had witnefled the di¬ 
lapidated condition of all the hofpitals, after the death of 
the above fovereign, and as he quitted the Levant in the 
year 1815, he thought proper to procure the moft recent 
information as to theftateof them. He was accordingly 
favoured with a communication from Dr. Maugin, phyfi- 
cian of the French hofpital at Pera, in the luburbs of 
Conftantinople, which is chiefly devoted to the habita¬ 
tions of Europeans. As it contains many fatisfadtory 
details of the adlual ftate of the charitable inftitutions of 
Conftantinople, we fhall infert the greater part of it. 
“ Sir; I fend you the information which you requefted 
on the ftate of the hofpitals and druggifts’ ihops of Con¬ 
ftantinople, at the time of my departure; as well as of 
every thing which concerns the progrels of medical fci¬ 
ence among Muflulmen. 
“ In the reign of the fultan Selim, two fchools were 
inftituted at the Arfenal, one for the inftrudtion of pupils 
in mathematics and nautical fcience, another for the 
teaching of medicine and furgery. The firft of them was 
under the direction of M. Brun, a French engineer; the 
fecond under that of M. Gripili, who is of Greek delcenr. 
Both thefe inftitutions flourilhed as long as the fultan 
reigned, and while his meritorious favourite, the pacha 
Hufiein, lived; but the death of this admiral, and the 
dethronement of the fultan, have involved in oblivion 
both the noble ellablilhments. 
“ Barracks were alfo conftrudled at the fame time at 
Scutari, in the faubourg of Pera; thofe of the arfenal and 
of Topkhana were reftored, and another was eredted at 
Levent-Tchiftlik; fo that each was provided with its 
hofpital. They were all well furnifhed, but particularly 
thofe of Scutari and Levanc-Tchittlik; there being an 
European phyfician, and a (hop for medicines, at each of 
them. At prefent no traces of fuch places are to be leen : 
the barracks and hofpitals have been burnt, from the 
fpirit of iniubordination on the part of the Janiflaries, at 
the time of the revolution of Muftapha Barai'ktar, in 
November 1808. 
“ The hofpitals of the Arfenal, of Topkhana, and the 
faubourg of Pera, are now nothing more than chambers 
of 
