82 
PATHOLOGY. 
ding to the fomewhat fmaller mufter of the preceding 
edition, for the laft was not then publifhed. We have 
yet, however, to add the varieties, which under feveral 
fpecies are not few ; and to bear in mind, that to every 
variety, fpecies, and genus, as far as their relative cha¬ 
racters will allow, is allotted a definition, lift of fyno- 
nyms, liiftory, diagnofis, prognofis, and mode of cure; 
with, frequently, an exemplification of cafes, and a brief 
ftatement; of the peculiar opinions of other writers, be¬ 
fore we can fairly appreciate the entire mafs of matter 
with which the volumes of M. de Sauvages abound. He 
feems, indeed, to have been defirous of collecting mate¬ 
rials of every kind and quality from every quarter to 
which a market was open; and of following up every 
deviation from health into all its poflible as well as its 
aCtual fliades and ramifications, fo that no man mighj 
have to add a lyllable to his work after him. It is not 
very furprifing, therefore, that a work thus conftituted 
and conducted fhould be confiderably too dilfufe. This 
is its leadingerror; yet it is not a.venial one, and was by no 
means deftitute of advantage at the time of its commif- 
fion ; for the very amplitude the work evinces rendered 
it, when firlt completed, a fort of nofological bazar, to 
which every one might have recourfe who was in purfuit 
of this new branch of ftudy; and where he might ac¬ 
commodate himfelf with whatever articles he ftood in 
need of. 
To the time of Cullen the general outline or claftific 
arrangement of Sauvages was left without much difturb- 
ance; for, although the order of fucceflion was changed, 
and changed differently in every new attempt, the names, 
in a few inftances diverfified, and occafionally fome addi¬ 
tion made to the number, ftill the ten Sauvagefian claffes 
were fubftantially retained and adhered to. Thefe claffes 
are as follow : 
VI. Debilitates, Debilities. 
VII. Dolores, Local Pains. 
VIII. Vefania, DefeCts of 
Judgment. 
IX. Fluxus, Fluxes. 
X. Cachexia, General De¬ 
bility. 
I. Vitia, Cutaneous Difeafes. 
II. Febres, Fevers. 
III. Phlegmufice, Inflamma¬ 
tory Fevers. 
IV. SpaJ'mi, Convulfive Dif¬ 
eafes. 
V. Anhelationes, Difficult Ref- 
piration. 
The ten claffes comprife forty-four orders, three hun¬ 
dred and fifteen genera, and about two thoufand five hun¬ 
dred fpecies; being rather more than an average of eight 
to each genus. 
In Linnaus, while the above claffes remain fubftantially 
the fame, their order of fucceflion is varied, the names 
confiderably altered, apparently from a preference of 
Latin to Greek terms, (as in the ufe of MeAtales for 
Vefaniae, Motorii for Spafmi, and Deformes for Ca¬ 
chexias;) and the lift of claffes is increafed to eleven, by 
advancing the Exanthematicas of Sauvages, which in him 
occurs as an order of Phlegmasia, to the rank of a 
diftinfl: clafs; while the clafs Vitia, with which Sau¬ 
vages opens, is by Linnaeus thruft to the end of the 
feries; which at length will appear as follows : 
Exanthcmatici, Eruptions, j Motorii, Involuntary Mo- 
Critiei, Common Fevers. 
Phlogiftici, Inflammatory 
Fevers. 
Dolores, Painful Difeafes. 
Mentales, Lofs of Judgment. 
Quietules, Lofs of Motion. 
tions. 
Supprefforii, Obftru&ions. 
Evacuatorii, Evacuations. 
Deformes, Changes in the 
Solids. 
Vitia, Changes in the Sur¬ 
face. 
Some degree of abbreviation is unqueftionably hereby 
produced, which is always defirable when accompanied 
with perfpicuity. But there are few cafes in which the 
author has not preferred the definitions of Sauvages, 
though frequently too diffufe; for the perpetual aim at 
brevity in Linnaeus leaves him too general where he has 
not occafion to refer to other difeafes, and too perplexed 
and intricate where he has. 
The great objefl of Vogel was to fupply what he con¬ 
ceived to be omiffions on the part of Sauvages : and hence 
he gives a mufter of not lefs than 560 genera, being 
nearly double the number of his great prototype. But, 
to accomplifh this, he has been compelled to elevate to 
the rank of genera a great multitude of affections which 
ought only’to be contemplated as fpecies, many of which 
are merely fymptomatic of other difeafes, and not a few, 
as Rifus* Fletus, Sufpirium, Clamor, (fome of them, 
indeed, derived from Linnaeus,) which have no claim to 
be regarded as difeafes at all. In hisclaflific arrangement, 
while he takes Sauvages for his guide, he changes the 
line of fucceflion as confiderably as, though in a'different 
manner from-, Linnaeus. He degrades the Exanthema- 
tici of the latter from aclaflific poll, and introduces them, 
as well as the Phlegmafiae of Sauvages, as mere orders 
under his clafs Feeres. He unites into one clafs the 
Anhelationes and Debilitates of Sauvages under the 
name of Adynamia; and, having thus reduced the 
number of the Sauvagefian claffes to nine, he raifes them 
to eleven by the creation of two new claffes, which he 
calls HYPERCASTHESES,and Deformitates; the former, 
properly enough, feparating Sauvages’s “ moralities of 
the llomach” from genuine “ mental dBorders,” and the 
latter including external deformities of a prominent cha- 
ra6ter. We ftiall enumerate his claffes according to his 
own arrangement in the year 1764, as follows: 
Febres, Fevers. Cachexia, General Debility. 
Profiunia, Evacuations. Paranoia, Aberrations of 
EpiJ'chefes, Suppreflions. Mind. 
Dolores, Pains. Vitia, Superficial Deformi- 
1 Spafmi, Spafms.- ties. 
Adynamia, Debilities. Deformitates, Solid Defor- 
HyperaJlheJ'es, Depraved Sen- mities. 
fations. 
His definitions are peculiarly concife, but convey too 
frequently nothing more than general and indiftimfl 
ideas : while his new-created terms are peculiarly long 
and cacophonous, as in the words Hypofpadiaeos, Diony- 
fifeus, and Hyperartertifcus. For his fpecies and varie¬ 
ties, or rather thofe he has not elevated to a higher rank, 
he feems, like Linnaeus, to have depended, for the moft 
part, upon Sauvages. 
The fyftem of Sugar makes lefs deviation from that of 
Sauvages than either of the preceding; and may be 
regarded rather as an enlargement than a re-modification 
of it. In various refpefls, indeed, it alters the feries of 
fucceflion, but it retains the name of every clafs; though 
it increafes the number from ten to thirteen, by advan¬ 
cing the Sauvagefian orders of Plagje and Exanthe- 
matica to the rank of claffes, and by introducing a 
new clafs denominated Suppressiones, defigned to 
correfpond with a confiderable part, though not the 
whole, of the Supprefforii of Linnaeus, as Linnaeus in¬ 
tended this laft to correfpond with a confiderable part, 
though not the whole, of the Anhelationes of Sauvages. 
Sagar’s Nolology was publifhed in 1776. His claffes 
are— 
The Sauvagefian genera are not much interfered with in 
refpefl to number. Upon the whole they are rather ex¬ 
tended, and amount to 326. The generic names, how¬ 
ever, are occafionally altered, and the definitions, which 
are formed by an almoft conftant reference from one ge¬ 
nus to another, are neceffarily drawn up in very differ¬ 
ent terms, in order to quadrate with fuch a change. 
Vitia, Cutaneous Difeafes. 
Flags, Wounds. 
Cachexia, General Difeafe. 
Dolores, Pains. 
Fluxus, Fluxes. 
Supprejfiones, Suppreflions. 
SpaJ'mi, Spafms. 
Anhelationes, Defective Ref- 
piration. 
Debilitates, Debilities. 
Exanthemata, Eruptions. 
Phlegmajia, Inflammations. 
Febres, Fevers. 
Vejania, Madnefs. 
