PATHOLOG Y. 
IG2 
confift of a triple or ammoniaco-magnefian phofphate, 
like the earthy or white-fanci calculi of the human blad¬ 
der; though it is difficult to conceive from what quarter 
the magnefia is obtained. In the cafe of millers’ horfes, 
fome portion of this earth may be derived from the bran, 
in which it is always to be traced; but theMifficulty Hill 
remains with refpect to other animals. The figure, what¬ 
ever be the fize of the calculus, is ufuaily fpheroidal, ex¬ 
cept where broken into feparate fragments : the matter 
is depofited for the moft part, as in the former fpecies, 
upon a nucleus of fome fort or other, as a fmall piece of 
Hint, an iron nail, a feed or hulk, a piece of hay or draw ; 
the ftrufture fometimes radiating from fuch common 
centre to the furface,' and fometimes evincing diftinft 
plates more or lefs united to each other. In the human 
fiubjeft, thefe calculi vary from the fize of a pea to that 
of a filbert, chefnut, or lien’s egg, and are often (fill 
larger. In the cafe of Margaret Lower (feep. 151.) they 
were ufuaily of the two former fizes, and appear to have 
been formed in great abundance and u'ith wonderful fa¬ 
cility; for her abdomen, upon preffing it, often rattled 
from the quantity it contained, with the found of a bag ( 
of marbles. Many of thefe were rough and (harp-pointed 
at the edge, evidently fragments or nodules of larger 
concretions, and gave great pain in the rejection, whether 
above or below, for they were difcharged both ways. The 
larger-lized weighed rather more than two drams; and 
Dr. Konig, who relates the cafe, calculated that the whole 
rhat were difcharged during the continuance of the 
complaint could not amount to lefs than 51b. avoirdu¬ 
pois. In a cale related by Mr. Martineau, (Phil. Tranf. 
vol. xxxii. 1723.) five calculi, fome of them much larger 
than the preceding, were voided per anum, by a poor 
woman in the third month of pregnancy, after having 
fuffered from colic about four or five days : of thefe, the 
largeft, 8 inches in circumference and 6f in length, 
weighed two ounces fixteen pennyweights and twelve 
grains. In this cafe, and in various others, the calculi 
deem to have been in the inteftines for a confiderabie pe¬ 
riod of time without inconvenience ; for it is hardly pof- 
fxble to conceive that all thefe fliould have been produced 
in the courfe of a week. In another cafe in the fame 
journal, vol. xli. 1740, related by M. Mackarnefs, a 
calculus of this kind was extracted with fome difficulty 
from the anus by the furgeon who attended, which 
weighed 8| oz. and was io§ inches in circumference. 
It is defcribed as “ a hard unequal ragged flinty (tone,” 
but was not examined chemically. There is fome 
doubt whether this had not forced its way from the 
bladder into the re£luin; but there is little doubt that 
it had been prefent in one organ or other, and nearly of 
its full fize, for feveral years before its extraftion ; for 
the patient’s (tools were obtained with difficulty; and 
“ three children, which (he had fucceffively borne in the 
three preceding years, were all marked with a large 
hollow or indentation in fome part of the head, in one 
inftance of fulficient extent to hold the moiety of a fmall 
orange!” 
3. Enterolithus fcybala, concretions refembling indu¬ 
rated fasces : foapy or unftuous ; moftly continuous ; 
fometimes in layers; fpheroidal or oblong; varying in co¬ 
lour; confiding chiefly of mucous and oleaginous matter. 
“This fpecies,” fays Dr. Good, “has not hitherto re¬ 
ceived the degree of attention to which it is entitled ; and 
even Fourcroy and Walther feern to have millaken it for 
a biliary calculus. The fpecific charafter is drawn up 
from various inftances that have occurred to the writer, 
or have been fliown him by others. A laminated fcyba- 
lum, taken from the fasces of a woman who had long been 
fuffering from coliivenefs and abdominal pain, an inch 
and a half in length, and nearly two inches in circumfe¬ 
rence, of an oblong irregular lhape, and reddifli brown 
colour, was lately prefented to a medical meeting in this 
metropolis as a biliary, calculus, the donor exprelling his 
aftoniffiment that it could by any means be protruded 
through the duclus communis. It had neither the fpe¬ 
cific levity, nor the peculiar bitter, nor the refinous ftra- 
tification, of gall-ftones ; and there can be little doubt 
that it was formed in the inteftinal canal.” 
In fir Everard Home’s paper On the Formation of Fat 
in the Inteltines ofliving Animals, Phil. Tranf. for 1813, 
a variety of ingenious fafts and experiments are advanced 
to (how the mode in which fcybala are formed in the 
alvine pafiage, the component parts of which fir Everard 
fuppofes to be fat or oil, and mucus. The fame paper 
contains, in fupport of this opinion, two interefting cafes 
by Dr. Babington : the one that of a lady, who, upon 
taking olive-oil, conllantly voided a number of globular 
concretions, “ varying in fize from that of a fmall pea to 
the bulk of a moderate grape, of a cream colour and 
(lightly tranflucent, of a fufficient confidence to preferve 
their form and to bear being cut by a knife, like foft 
wax ;” all which, like the fcybalum above, had till this 
period been regarded as gall-ftones : the fecond cafe that 
of a girl four years and a half old, who appears to have 
had a power of fecreting oil in the inteftines, and of dif- 
charging it per anum : “At three years old her mother 
obferved fomething come from her as (lie walked acrols 
the room, which, when examined, was found to be fat in 
a liquid (late, which concreted when cold. Ever fince 
that time to the prefent (he has voided at intervals of ten 
or fourteen days the quantity of from one to three ounces, 
fometimes pure, at others mixed with fasces: when voided, 
it has an unufually yellow tihge, and is quite fluid lilje 
oil. Her appetite is good, as well as herfpirits, and her 
flefti firm: her belly rather tumid, but not hard; fire is 
lubjeft to occafional griping.” The medical records fur- 
ni(h numerous inftances of fimilar formations. In the 
Aft. Nat. Cur. vol. iii. obf. 51. we have a cafe very fimi¬ 
lar to Dr. Babington’s, of foapy or oleaginous globules 
excreted in a paroxyfm of colic : “ excreti globuli, quad 
faponacei, cedente dolore hypochondriorum.” So in the 
Edinb. Med. Comment, vol. iv. p. 333, we have a cafe 
from the pen of Mr. Scott, of various adipofe maftes de- 
jefted in a foftened (late. 
Genus XII. [Helminthic/, from an inteftinal 
worm.] Worms or larvae of infefts inhabiting theftomach 
or inteftines. 
The exiftence of worms or parafitic animals in the in¬ 
teftines of other living creatures, is to the phyfiologift an 
important fubjeft of contemplation, inafmuch as, the 
queftion fo long agitated concerning the (pontaneons ge¬ 
neration or external intreduftion of worms once fettled, 
we fhonld be enabled to obtain lome clearer ideas on the 
nature of life. In the praftice of medicine, however, 
we are not required to enter into this difficult queftion. 
It is enough for the pathologift to knew that worms in 
the alimentary canal are to his fellow-creatures a fourcs 
of annoyance and pain, by what figns to deteft their 
prefence, and to know likewife by what means they are 
to be expelled. The latter view may lead him to make 
fome claifification of the animals in queftion, Amply how¬ 
ever for the reafon that it is neceflary to vary the reme¬ 
dial agent according to the fpecies or genus of the offend¬ 
ing animal. The ufual (eat of worms is the alimentary 
canal; but they have been found in all parts of the body. 
Sennertus fays, “ Praeter vermes inteftinales, funtet alii. 
omnes J'tre corporis partes incolentes, uti vermes dentales, 
gingivales, rhinarii, pulmonarii, cardiaci, fanguinarii, uri~ 
narii, urnbilicales ; vermes in hepate, in faliva, &c. Sed 
hi omnes non nifi in ftatu morbido inveniuntur.” And 
to this lift we might add a hundred others. The alimen¬ 
tary canal appears however to be the only part in which 
the prefence of worms can be detefted by fymptoms, or 
from which they can be expelled by medicine ; fo that we 
(hall confine ourfelves to the parafitic inhabitants of this 
cavity. 
For an ample defeription of the various kinds of intef¬ 
tinal worms, with plates reprefenting their external form 
and 
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