PATHOLOGY. 
and internal ftrudlure, the reader is referred to the arti¬ 
cle Helminthology, and to each tribe under its generic 
name; as Ascaris, Hirudo, Lumbricus, Taenia, &c. 
We (hall therefore merely copy in this place, with a few 
additions, the claffification of Dr. Good, which mud be 
allowed on all hands to be fufficiently comprehenfive 
for pradlical purpofes ; and which, at the fame time, com- 
prefles the immenfe body of refearch from which it is com- 
pofed into a very fmall fpace. The following are the 
three fpecies and their varieties. 
i. Helminthia alvi, or worms exifting and finding a 
proper nidus in the ftomach or alvine canal, chiefly of 
children and fickly adults; producing emaciation, a 
fwelled hard belly, gnawing or pungent pain in the fto¬ 
mach, pale countenance, fetid breath, and irritation of 
the noftrils. Of this fpecies of difeafe there are five va¬ 
rieties, occafioned by the different genera of worms whofe 
names they bear. 
a. H. Afcaridis lumbricoidis, commonly called the 
long round worm ; by Dr. Baillie, Lumbricus teres. For 
its Ipecific character, and a reprefentation of it, fee vol. 
ii. p. 251. The body is tranfparent, light yellow, with 
a faint line down the fide; it is gregarious and vivacious, 
and, according to Brera, poffefles much fenfibility : is 
from twelve to fifteen inches long. It inhabits princi¬ 
pally the inteftines of thin perfons, generally about the 
ileum, through the parietes of which it fometimes eats its 
way. It has been known to afcend into the ftomach, and 
creep out of the mouth and noltrils : it occafionally tra¬ 
vels to the reftum, and pafies away at the anus. This 
animal, being poflefled of a cutting ffiarp point, often 
caufes pungent and rending pains, efpecially about the 
umbilical region. Colic and borborygmi are fymptoms 
peculiar to it, 
( 3 . H. Trichocephali hominis, the long thread-worm; 
(Trichurus vulgaris, Baillie.) Body above (lightly cre- 
nate, beneath fmooth ; finely ftriate on the fore-part: head 
obtufe, and furniflied with a (lender retractile probofcis; 
tail or thinner part twice as long as the thicker, termina¬ 
ting in a fine hair-like point; about two inches long; in 
colour refembles the maw-worm, or common afcaris : gre¬ 
garious, and found chiefly in the inteftines of fickly chil¬ 
dren ; generally in the ccecum. 
7. H. Taeniae folii, the long tape-worm : articulations 
long and narrow, with marginal pores by which it at¬ 
taches itfelf to the inteftines, one on each joint, generally 
alternate; ovaries arborefcent: head with a terminal 
mouth furrounded with two rows of radiant hooks or 
holders ; and a little below, on the flattened furface, four 
tuberculate orifices or fuckers, two on each fide: tail 
terminated by a femicircular joint without any aperture : 
from thirty to forty feet long, and has been found fixty. 
It inhabits the inteftines of mankind, generally at the 
upper part. Is fometimes folitary, but commonly incon- 
fiderable numbers. As the head of the Taenia folium is 
furniflied with pointed fangs, it fometjmes attaches itfelf 
with fuel) force to the mucous membrane of the inteftines, 
as to produce the moft (evere, and even deadly, fymptoms, 
lince the membrane is mangled, and inflammation, or 
even gangrene, may be the confequence. A Angular 
(ymptom of this taenia is a frequent fenfe of tenfion or 
tightnefs in the nofe. See Helminthology, vol. ix. 
p. 343-6. 
o. H. Taeniae vulgaris, (T. lata, Baillie,) the broad 
tape-worm : articulations (hort and broad, with a pore 
in the centre of each joint, and ftellate ovaries round 
them ; body broader in the middle, and tapering towards 
both ends; head refembling the laft, but narrower and 
fimaller; tail ending in a rounded joint. Like the laft, it 
inhabits the upper part of the inteftines, from three to 
fifteen feet long; ufually in families of three or four. 
The fymptoms of taenia are pain in the belly, with a 
turning motion and weight in the fide; occafional prick¬ 
ings or bitings in the region of the ftomach ; fwelling of 
Vol. XIX, No. 1295. 
163 
the abdomen at intervals, with fenfe of coldnefs there; 
appetite enormous, while emaciation continues, with 
fenfe of increafing weaknefs; complexion livid; pupils 
unufually dilated ; eyes fuft'ufed with tears; vertigo with 
naufea; vacillation of the legs, and fometimes convulfive 
tremblings of the wdiole body; occafional evacuation, 
per anum, of fmall fubftances refembling the feeds of 
the lemon or gourd, which are portions of the marginal 
papilla; of the worms. 
e. H. Fafciolas, from the fluke, or gourd-worm. Body 
flattifh, with an aperture or pore at the head, and gene¬ 
rally another beneath : inteftines flexuous : ovaries late¬ 
ral : hermaphrodite, and oviparous. 
2. Helminthia podicis, worms, or the larvse of infedts, 
exifting, and finding a proper nidus, within the verge of 
the anus, exciting a troublefome local irritation, fome¬ 
times accompanied with tumour; frequently preventing 
deep, and producing pain or faintnefs in the ftomacli. 
Here we have three varieties. 
a. H. Afcaridis vermicularis, from the maw-worm, or 
thread-worm : head fubulate, nodofe, and divided into 
three veficles, in the middle of each of which is an aper¬ 
ture by which it receives nourilhment; (kin at the fides 
of the body finely crenate or wrinkled; tail finely taper¬ 
ing, and terminating in a point; the female has a fmall 
pundtiform aperture a little below the head, through 
which it receives nourifhment. Gregarious ; viviparous; 
about half an inch long; fometimes winders into the in¬ 
teftines, and occafionally as high as the ftomach. 
( 3 . H. Scarabaei, larvae of feveral fpecies of the beetle, 
as of the S. nobilis; S. Schceft’eri, S, volvens, which, 
when out of the body, depofit their eggs in round balls 
of animal dung, which they roll up and bury with their 
hind feet. 
7. H. CEftri; bots, or larva; of the hasmorrhoidal 
breeze or gad-fly. Round; pale-green; tail obtufely 
truncate; head tapering ; mouth horny, with two lips, 
and two recurved black claws on each fide of the mouth. 
Found convoluted in the mucus and fasces of man, but 
far more frequently of other animals, and efpecially of 
the horfe. 
3. Helminthia erratica ; worms introduced by accident, 
and without finding a proper habitation in the ftomach 
or inteftines: producing fpafmodic colic with fevere gri- 
pings; and occafionally vomiting or dejection of blood. 
Of this fpecies alfo we have three varieties. 
a. H. Gordii, from the hair-worm. Found in foft 
ftagnant waters: from four to fix inches long, twilled 
into various knots and contortions: colour pale-brown, 
with dark extremities. This difeafe is moft frequent 
among the peafants of Lapland ; and was fufpected by 
Linnaeus, and has been fince proved, or thought to be 
proved, by Dr. Montin, one of his moft celebrated difei- 
ples, to be occafioned by their drinking the half-putrid, 
water of ftagnant marfhes or ditches inhabited by the 
gordius. It is not known on the Lapland mountains. 
The gripings are often fo violent, that the patient rolls 
and writhes on the ground in feverer agony than a wo¬ 
man in labour, and difeharges bloody urine. After 
many hours, fometimes an entire day, the diforder ter¬ 
minates in a profufe ptyalilin that continues for a quar¬ 
ter of an hour. The Laplanders call the difeafe ullen, or 
holme. 
Q. H. Hirudinis, occafioned by various fpecies of the 
leech. Swallowed along with the muddy and ftagnant 
water they inhabit. Apparently both the medicinal and 
the horfe leech have been thus found; hut the exadt 
fpecies has not been fufficiently indicated. Sauvages, in 
his genus Haematemefis, quotes Galen, Schenck, and 
Wedel 5 but does not deferibe the fpecies. Upon turn¬ 
ing to Galen, iv. 411.D. the reader will find that he 
briefly adverts to the difeafe, and quotes from Afclepi- 
ades and Apollonius the remedies that were employed in 
their refpediive days : but he does dot charadterife the 
U u worm | 
