302 PATHOLOGY. 
fenfe of founds, without external caufes. Three varie¬ 
ties are given. 
“• Syrigmus, ringing or tinkling 5 a (harp, thrill, fuc- 
cufiive, found. 
/?. Sufurrus, whizzing 5 an acute, continuous, hilling, 
found. 
y. Bombus, beating; a dull heavy intermitting found. 
This appears to be very nearly of the fame nature as the 
firft fpecies. 
6. Paracufis furditas, deafnefs : total inability of hear¬ 
ing or diftinguifhing founds. Three varieties are noted. 
a. S. organica ; from organic defeCt. 
p. S. atonica ; from local debility. 
y. S. paralytica; from local palfy. 
Genus III. Parofnnn, [from Trapa, and o£a, to fmell.] 
The fenfe of (Yneli vitiated, or lolt. (Anofmia, Sauv. 
Linn. Vog. Call.) There are three fpecies. 
1. Parofmis acris, acute fmell: fmell painfully acute, 
or fenfible to odours not generally perceived. 
Generally fpeaking, the fenfe of fmell in all animals is 
in proportion to the extent of the Schneiderian or olfac¬ 
tory membrane with which the noftrils are lined, and 
over which the branches of the olfaftory nerves divari¬ 
cate and ramify. And hence this membrane is much 
more extenfive in quadrupeds and birds, which chiefly 
trull; to the fenfe of fmell in felefting their food, than in 
man; foritafcends confiderably higher, and is for the 
molt part poflefled of numerous folds or duplications. It 
is hereby the hound diltinguilhes the peculiar fcent 
thrown forth from the body of the hare, and the domef- 
tic dog recognizes and identifies his matter from all other 
individuals. Under peculiar circumftances, however, 
the ordinary apparatus for fmell poflefies an activity, and 
fometimes even an intolerable keennefs, which by no 
means belongs to it in its natural ftate. M. Virey, who 
has written a very learned treatife upon the fubjeft of 
odours, aflerts that the olfaftory fenfe exifts among fa- 
vages in a far higher degree of activity than among civi¬ 
lized nations, whole power of fmell is blunted by an ha¬ 
bitual expofure to ftrong odours, or an intricate combi¬ 
nation of them, and by the ufe of high-flavoured foods. 
And he might have added, that this fenfe, like every 
other, is capable of cultivation, and acquiring delicacy 
of difcrimination by ufe; that lavages, many of whom 
make a near approach to the life of quadrupeds, employ 
it, and trull: to it, in a fimilar manner; and that this is, 
perhaps, a chief caufe of the difference he has pointed 
out. It is in like manner relied upon by perfons who are 
deprived of one or two of the other external fenfes, as 
thofe of fight or hearing, or both ; and in thefe cafes it 
often acquires an extraordinary degree of nicety. In 
the interefling example of the boy born blind and deaf, 
lately given to the world by Profellor Stewart, and who, 
in confequence was obliged to rely upon the two faculties 
of fmell and touch alone, in difcriminating almolt all 
the objects that furrounded him, he is faid, in Mr. War- 
drop's hiftory of the cafe, to have employed the fenfe of 
fmell on all occafions, like a domeflic dog, in diftinguilh- 
ing perfons, and chiefly to have depended on it. By this 
fenfe he identified his friends and relatives; and con¬ 
ceived a fudden attachment or diflike to Arrangers ac¬ 
cording to the odour of the effluvium that efcaped from 
the (kin. 
The journal des Scavans, anno 1667, gives a curious 
hiftory of a monk, who pretended to be able to afcer- 
tain, by the difference of odour alone, the fex and age 
of a perfon, whether he were married or Angle, and the 
manner of life to which he was accuftomed. This, as 
far as the faft extended, may poflibly have been the re- 
fultof obfervations grafted upon a ttronger natural fenfe 
than belongs to mankind in general; and is fcarcely to 
be ranked in the lift of difeafed actions. But among per¬ 
fons of a highly nervous or irritable idiofyncrafy, Dr. 
Good had met with numerous inftances, and doubtlefs 
other practitioners have alfo, of an acutenefs of fmell 
almoft intolerable and diftrafting to thofe who were la¬ 
bouring under it, which has fairly conftituted an idio¬ 
pathic affeftion ; and fometimes nearly realized the fan¬ 
ciful defcription of the poet, by making its pofleffors 
ready, at every moment, to “die of a role in aromatic 
pain.” 
There is a curious and ingenious paper in the Tranf- 
aCtions of the Swedifh Academy, tom. i. from the pen, 
of Linnaeus, containing a variety of ufeful obfervations 
on the peculiar qualities given to the fmell, tafte, and 
other properties, of animals, in confequence of their feed¬ 
ing on different foods. 
2. Parofmis obtufa, ohtufe fmell: fmell dull and im¬ 
perfectly difcriminative. 
3. Parofmis expers, want of fmell: total inability of 
fmelling or diftinguifhing odours. This may be, 
a.. Organica; from organic defeCt, or accidental de- 
ftruCtion of the olfaftory nerve, or its branches ; or of 
the Schneiderian membrane over which they are fpread. 
Or, 
£. Paralytica ; from local palfy. 
Genus IV. Parageufis, [from yeva-u;, tafte.] The fenfe 
of tafte vitiated or loft. (Ageuftia, Sauv. and Cull.) 
There are three fpecies. 
1. Parageufis acris, acute tafte: tafte painfully acute, 
or fenfible to favours not generally perceived. 
2. Parageufis obtufa, obtufe tafte : tafte dull and im¬ 
perfectly difcriminative. 
3. Parageufis expers, total inability of tailing or dif¬ 
tinguifhing favours. The papillae of the tongue deftitute 
of guftatory nerves, or covered with a mucous or other 
Iheath which they cannot penetrate. 
The firft and laft fpecies are perhaps chiefly fymptom- 
atic, though not always fo. The fecond is common, 
and is often connected with obtuD fmell; for phyfiolo- 
gifts have remarked a ftriking coincidence and fympathy 
between thefe two fenfes; and fome have conceived them 
to be mere modifications of each other. Dr. Good had 
a lady of twenty-four years of age under his care, of great 
mental tafte and accomplifhments, who had always pof- 
fefled a confiderable hebetude of both fenfes. She could 
diftinguilh the fmell of a rofe from that of garlic, and 
the tafte of port wine from mountain or madeira ; but 
Ihe could not difcriminate between the odour of a rofe 
and that of a lily ; or between the tafte of beef, veal, and 
pork ; and confequently, upon all thefe points, had no 
preference of relilh. 
The lofs of tafte, and the peculiar changes of the fame 
faculty, in fevers and molt inflammatory difeafes, are well 
known. 
Genus V. Parapjis, [from wapos, and a.-^ »j, touch.] 
Senfeof touch, or general feeling, vitiated or loft. Three 
fpecies. 
1. Parapfis acris: touch painfully acute, or fenfible to 
impreflions not generally perceived. Four varieties. 
a. P. teneritudo, forenefs: painful uneafinefs or ten- 
dernefs, local or general, on being touched, with a pref- 
fure iifually unaccompanied with troublefome feeling. 
Occafionally unconnected and idiopathic, but more fre¬ 
quently a fymptom or fequel of fevers, debility, laffitude, 
violent exercife, or catching cold. 
|3. P. pruritus, itching: painful titillation, local or ge¬ 
neral, relieved by rubbing. 
y. P. algor, coldnefs: fenfe of temperature, local or 
general, below that of pleafant and natural warmth. As 
an idiopathic afteftion chiefly local, and molt common 
to the head and feet. 
3 1 . P. ardor, heat: fenfe of temperature, local or gene¬ 
ral, above that of pleafant and natural coolnefs. As an 
idiopathic afteftion occurring chiefly in plethoric and ir¬ 
ritable habits. Found alfo as a fymptom in the fecond 
ftageof fevers, inflammations, and entonic empathema. 
2. Parapfis 
