350 PATHOLOGY 
carbonate. From this, the oxalic acid may be precipi¬ 
tated by the acetate of lead, or of barytes ; and this ox¬ 
alate, thus formed, may be afterwards decompofed by 
fulphuric acid. Another method of analyfing this cal¬ 
culus is by expofureto heat: its acid is decompofed, and, 
by railing the heat diffidently, pure lime is obtained, 
amounting to about a third of the weight of the calculus. 
According to Fourcroy and Vauquelin, the oxalate of 
limecalculuscontains moreanimal matter than any other. 
This animal matter appeared to them to be a mixture of 
albumen and uree. The compofition of a calculus of this 
fpecies, analyfed by Mr. Brande, was—Oxalate of lime 
65 grains, uric acid 16 grains, phofphate of lime 15 
grains, animal matter 4. grains. We know no¬ 
thing of the Hate of the body which induces this cal¬ 
culus. 
4. The Ci/Jiic Oxyd. —Dr. Majendie Hates that it very 
rarely enters into the formation of gravel and urinary 
calculi ; but, as the nature of this animal matter is not 
generally known, it may be proper to mention its general 
properties. Calculi formed of cyflic oxyd, are femi-tranf- 
parent, of a yellowilh colour, and have a luftre (imilar to 
that of bodies of a denfity powerfully refradive. F.x- 
pofed to heat in a retort, they furnilh carbonate of am¬ 
monia of a fetid odour5 there paffes alfo an heavy fetid 
oil, fuch as is obtained frpm animal matter, but in a 
much lefs proportion than that which refults from a dif- 
tillation of uric acid. Thefe properties (how that, like 
uric acid, it is principally compofed of azote; it is there¬ 
fore probable, that it is produced by the fame caufes 
which determine the formation of uric acid. This fub- 
ftance is but very (lightly foluble in water, not at all in 
alcohol, or the acetic, tartaric, and citric, acids; it is, on 
the contrary, foluble in the muriatic, nitric, fulphuric, 
phofphoric, and oxalic, acids, as well as in potafh, Coda, 
lime-water, and the carbonates of potafli and foda. The 
greater number of its properties approach to thofe of 
uric acid. 
5. Of the Compound or Irregular Calculi —the greater 
proportion are thofe which difpiay alternate layers. Thus, 
lithic ftrata frequently alternate with layers of oxalate of 
lime, or with the phofphates. Sometimes alfo the mul¬ 
berry alternates with the phofphates; and, in a few in- 
Itances, three or even four fpecies of calculi occur in the 
fame (lone, difpofed in diltind concentric laminae. 
Some compound calculi have their ingredients intimately 
mixed. They have no charaderiflic feature ; but may 
fometimes be recognized by their more or lefs irregular 
figure, and their lefs determined colour, by their being 
lefs dillindly if at all ftratified, and by their often pof- 
fefling a coqfiderable hardnefs. By chemical analylis, 
confufed refults are obtained. 
The remarks we have hitherto made on the treatment 
of calculous diforders, relates folely to the removal of 
that fate of the confitut ion uhich caufes the depnftion or 
formation of Jlonp mutter ; and confequently applies only to 
the prevention of its further formation. In another part of 
this work, (fee Lithontriptic, vol. xii.) we have ex- 
preffed our conviction of the perfed futility of exhibit¬ 
ing any medicine with the view of diffolving Hone in the 
bladder. It is the higheff llretch of our prefent power in 
the treatment of calculi, to prevent their further progrefs; 
and if we can do this, and delay, for a certain fpace of 
time, the irritability of the fyflem, the bladder will accom¬ 
modate itfelf to the prefence of the (lone (while it no 
longer grows), and much comfort may be enjoyed by the 
patient of this dreadful malady. When thefe meafures 
are unfuccefsful, or when the youth or good conffitution 
of the patient forbid us to fear the future regeneration 
of the (lone, the removal of it will be advifable ; which 
if to be effeded in two ways : in men by the ufual prac¬ 
tice of lithotomy ; but, with regard to women, the fhort- 
nefs and expanfibility of the female urethra not only ad¬ 
mits an evacuation of large calculi with little inconve¬ 
nience compared with that fuffered by men, but has often 
fuggefled the expediency of introducing the (lone-for¬ 
ceps into the bladder, fo as to fupply the place of litho¬ 
tomy. Mr. Thomas, by gradually enlarging it by means 
of a fponge-tent, was, in one cafe, able to introduce his 
finger into the bladder, and fucceeded in bringing away 
an ivory ear-pick which had been incautioufly ufed as a 
catheter, and had (lipped into the cavity. In another 
lingular cafe, the fame Ikilful operator gradually ex¬ 
panded the fphimfter ani to a diameter large enough to 
admit his whole hand into the redum, and hereby fuc¬ 
ceeded in extrading a large fubftance which had flipped 
into its channel. More recently, fir A. Cooper has fuc¬ 
ceeded in removing fmall Hones from the bladder of an 
old patient, a clergyman, by means of a peculiar inffru- 
ment of his own invention, which dilates the urethra, 
and draws the Hones through the natural opening. For 
the common method (and the only one capable of ap¬ 
plication when the calculus is large) of removing Hones 
in the bladder by the operation of lithotomy, and alio for 
fome further obfervations on the dilating fyfiem above 
alluded to, fee the article Surgery. 
Order III. Acrotica, [axpo?, extreme; hence ccy.f'Icfi-n;, 
the top or highefi point of any thing.] Diforders affect¬ 
ing the Surface of the Skin. Pravity of the fluids or 
emundories that open on the external furface: without 
fever, or other internal affedion, as a neceffary accompa¬ 
niment. There are ten genera, which, as well as the fpe¬ 
cies, are chiefly taken from Dr. Bateman’s improved 
edition of Willan on Cutaneous Difeafes. 
Genus I. Ephidrofs, [i. e. fweat.] Preternatural fecre- 
tion of cutaneous perfpiration. There are four fpecies, 
befides varieties. 
1. Ephidrofis profufa: cutaneous perfpiration fecreted 
profulely. 
2. Ephidrofis cruenta : cutaneous perfpiration inter¬ 
mixed with blood. 
3. Ephidrofis partialis.: cutaneous perfpiration limited 
to a particular part or organ. Ephidrofis lateralis, Suhv. 
who quotes from Schmidt (Colled. Acad iii. 577) the 
cafe of a woman who was never capable (except when 
pregnant) of being thrown into a fweat in any other 
part than the left fide. 
4.. Ephidrofis tinda: cutaneous perfpiration poffefling 
a depraved colour. Four varieties of colour. 
a. E. viridis; of a green tinge. Borelli. cent. ii. 56. 
£?. E. nigra ; of a black tinge. Joel. Langelot. Coiled. 
Acad. iii. 255. 
y. E. caerulae; of a blue tinge. Winder. Colled. Acad. 
iii. 263. 
& E. rubra; of the colour of port-wine. Sauv. and 
Bart hoi. 
5. Ephidrofis olens: cutaneous perfpiration poffelflng 
a depraved (mell. Four varieties of odour. 
a,. E. fulphurea; of a fulphureous fcent. Ephem. Nat. 
Cur. cent. i. ii. obf. 168. 
( 3 . E. acida ; of a four fcent. 
y. E. olida ; of a rank or fetid fcent. Often partial, or 
evacuated from particular organs, as the feet or axillae : 
fometimes from the furface generally, according to De 
Monteaux. 
E. mofchata ; of a mulky fcent. Pecklin, lib. ii. 
obf. 4-9. 
The majority of thefe rare difeafes are involved in much 
obfcurity, and many of them are probably conneded 
with other maladies. This is the cafe efpecially with 
profufe and partial perfpiration, very common fymptoms 
of dyfpepfia; and may very fairly be prefumed to be the 
cafe with ffinking and bloody perfpiration. Metaffalis 
from the retention of milk, urine, the catamenial flux, 
and faeces, may alfo produce the fame aberrations. 
Genus II. Exanthefs, [from ef, outward, and 
to fpring or flower; fuperficial or cutaneous effloref- 
cence 5 in contradillindion to Emnlhefis, or efflorefcence 
fpringing 
