PAY 
PAY 
391 
19. With ten-inch tiles. 
ao. With foot-tiles. 
21. With clinkers for (fables and out-offices. 
22. With the bones of animals, for gardens, &c. And, 
23. We have knob-paving, with large gravel-ftones for 
porticoes, garden-feats, &c. 
Pavers’ work is done by the fquare yard ; and the con¬ 
tent is found by multiplying the length by the breadth. 
Pavements of churches, &c. frequently confift of (tones 
of feveral colours ; chiefly black and white, and of feveral 
forms, but chiefly fquare, and lozenges, artfully difpofed. 
Indeed, there needs no great variety of colours to make 
a furprifing diverfity of figures and arrangements. M. 
Truchet, in the Memoirs of the French Academy, has 
fhown by the rules of combination, that two fquare (tones, 
divided diagonally into two colours, may be joined toge¬ 
ther chequerwife fixty-four different ways : which appears 
furprifing enough; fince two letters, or figures, can only 
be combined two ways. The reafon is, that letters only 
change their fituation with regard to the firff and fecond ; 
the top and bottom remaining the fame : but in the ar¬ 
rangement of thefe (tones, each admits of four feveral 
fituations, in each of which the other fquare may be 
changed fixteen times, which gives fixty-four combina¬ 
tions. Indeed, from a further examination of thefe fixty- 
four combinations, he found there were only thirty-two 
different figures; each figure being repeated twice in the 
fame fituation, though in a different combination; fo 
that the two only differed from each other by the tranfpo- 
fition of the dark and light parts. 
The paving of ftreets is one of the moft beneficial regu¬ 
lations of police that have been tranfmitted to us from our 
anceftors. Several cities had paved ffreets before the com¬ 
mencement of the Chriftian era ; neverthelefs thofe which 
are at prefent the ornament of Europe, Rome excepted, 
were deftitute of thisgreat advantage till almoll: the 12th or 
13th century. It is probable that thofe people who firff car¬ 
ried on the greateft trade, were the firff who paid attention 
to have good ffreets and highways, in order to facilitate 
that intercourfe which is fo necelfary to keep upthefpirit 
of commerce. Accordingly we are told by Ifidorus (Origin. 
1 . xv. c. 16.) that the Carthaginians had the firff paved 
ftreets, and that their example was foon copied by the 
Romans. Long before that period, however, Semiramis 
paved highways, as appears by the vain-glorious infcrip- 
tion w'hicli (lie herfelf caufed to be put up. (Strabo, xvi. 
Diod. ii. 13. Polyreni Stratagem, viii. 26.) The ftreets 
of Thebes, and probably thofe of Jerufalem, were paved. 
But neither the ftreets of Rome, nor the roads around it, 
were paved during the time ofits kings. In the year 188, 
after theabolition of the monarchical form of government, 
Appius Claudius, being then cenfor, conffrufled the firff 
real highway, called after him the Appian Way, and, on 
account of its excellence, the Queen of Roads. The 
time when the ftreets were firff paved cannot be precifely 
afcertained ; fome have referred this improvement to the 
year 578 after the building of the city; others to 584; 
and others to 439 ; at w hich"feveral periods fome parts of 
the city and fuburbs might have been paved. That ftreets 
paved with lava, having deep ruts made by the wheels of 
carriages, and railed banks on each fide, for the accom¬ 
modation of foot-paflengers, were found both at Hercu¬ 
laneum and Pompeii, is well known. 
Of modern cities, the oldeft pavement is commonly af- 
cribed to that of Paris; (fee vol. xviii. p. 445.) but it is 
certain that Cordova in Spain was paved fo early as the 
middle of the 9th century, or about the year 830. That 
the ftreets of London were not paved at the end of the 
eleventh century, is afferted by all hiftorians. It does 
not appear when paving was firff introduced ; but it was 
gradually extended as trade and opulence increafed. Se¬ 
veral of the. principal ftreets, fuch as Holborn, which are 
at prefent in the middle of the city, were paved for the 
firff time by royal command in the year 1417 ; others 
Vol.XIX. No. 1311. 
were paved under Henry VIII. fome in the fuburbs in 
J544, others in 1571 and 1605, and the great market of 
Smithfield, in 1614. But the firff really-effeftive paving- 
a£t was pafled in the year 1771. See the article London, 
vol. xiii. p. 110. 
To PA'VEMENT, v. a. To floor ; to pave. Not in nfc. 
—Thou God of elements pafledft through the air, w'alk- 
edft upon the waters ! Whether thou meanteft to termi¬ 
nate this miracle in thy body, or in the waves which thou 
troddeft upon; whether fo lightening the one that it 
(liould make no impreffion in the liquid waters, or whe¬ 
ther fo confolidating the other that the pavemeuted waves 
yielded a firm caufey to thy facred feet to walk on, I 
neither determine r.or inquire : thy filence ruleth mine ; 
thy power was in either miraculous ; neither know I in 
whether to adore it more. Bp. Hall's Contempt. 
PAVEN'TIA, in mythology, the tutelary goddefs of 
children. Among the Romans this goddefs was invoked 
to avert frightful objefts from them. 
PA'VER, or Pa vie r, J. One who lays with (tones : 
For thee the fturdy paver thumps the ground, 
Whilft every ftroke his labouring lungs refound. Gay. 
PAVET'TA, /! [the Malabar name, retained by Rheede 
and adopted by Linnseus and others.] In botany, a genus 
of the clafs tetrandria, order monogynia, natural order 
of ftellatae, (rubiaceae, Jujjf.) Generic characters—Ca¬ 
lyx : perianthium bell-fhaped, very fmall, obfoletely 
four-toothed, furrounding the germ. Corolla : one-pe- 
talled, funnel-form ; tube long, (lender, cylindric ; border 
five-parted, fpreading, (horter by half than the tube ; 
fegments lanceolate. Stamina: filaments four, very 
(horr, above the throat of the corolla. Anthers awl- 
(haped, fpreading, the length of the border. Piftillum: 
germen inferior, turbinate. Style filiform, twice as long 
as the corolla; ftigma thickifh, oblong, oblique. Peri- 
carpium : berry roundifti, one-celled. Seeds two, convex 
on one fide, cartilaginous. Gaertner fays, the berry is 
two-celled ; and the feeds folitary, one often abortive, 
fo that the fruit feems to be one-feeded. There are fre¬ 
quently two coadunate berries, crowned with a double 
calyx.— Ejfential Character. Corolla one-petalied, fun¬ 
nel-form, fuperior; ftigma curved; berry two-feeded, 
(one often abortive.) There are nine fpecies. 
1. Pavetta indica: fmootli; leaves lanceolate-elliptic, 
ftipules fmooth within, calyxes obfoletely four-toothed, 
flowers in bundles. Native of the Eaft Indies. Gasrtner 
fufpeCls that the natural number of flowers is two to¬ 
gether, as in fome fpecies of Lonicera. 
2. Pavetta tomentofa : leaves elliptical, downy, as well 
as the flower-ftalks; calyx cloven half way down ; ftyle 
twice as long as the corolla. Sent from India by Dr. 
Roxburgh, along with the former, from which it feems 
to differ chiefly in its broader leaves, which, like the 
flower-ftalks and calyx, are downy, efpecially when young. 
The teeth of the calyx are much more conlpicuous than 
in P. indica, and this chara&er appears of confequence, 
from the confideration of other fpecies. 
3. Pavetta villofa : branches and calyxes villofe hoary; 
leaves lanceolate-elliptic ; flowers in bundles. Branches 
oppofite, four-cornered, jointed, denfely villofe, hoary ; 
the laft joints more comprefied. Leaves on (hort petioles, 
oppofite, two or three inches in length, acuminate, atte¬ 
nuated at the bafe, quite entire : the younger ones villofe 
on both (ides, hoary; the older almoff fmooth above, 
nerved, veinlefs. 
4. Pavetta longiflora, (Ixora occidentalis, Forjk. Aral. 
io5.) Branches fmooth, leaves lanceolate-elliptic, ftipules 
hairy within, calyxes four-cleft, flowers in bundles. It 
may be doubted whether it is any thing more than a va¬ 
riety of the preceding. The branches and leaves are 
quite fmooth ; the calyx has a few fmall hairs fcattered 
over it, not vifible without a magnifier. It differs from 
the firff fpecies in having the ftipules hairy on the inner 
5 H fide. 
