407 
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openly what part he was determined to aft. At the fame 
time he was ftrongly urged to commence operations 
againft them by the pope, who promifed to fecond him 
with fuch vigour as could not well fail of fecuring fuc- 
cefs. In thefe circumftances the emperor entered pri¬ 
vately into negociations with his holinefs ; who, when 
he found that Charles was bent in earned on extirpating, 
by force of arms, the herefies which abounded in Ger¬ 
many, and of compelling all who had renounced the re¬ 
ligion of their forefathers to return to the obedience of 
the holy fee, aflented with eagernefs to every article 
which was propofed to him. Among other ftiptilations 
on his part, the pope engaged to depofit a large fum in 
the bank of Venice, towards defraying the expenfe of the 
war: to maintain, at his own charge, during the fpace 
of fix months, twelve thoufand foot and five hundred 
horfe; to grant the emperor, for one year, half of the ec- 
clefiaftical revenues throughout Spain ; and to authorize 
him, by a bull, to alienate as much of the lands belonging 
to religious houfes in that country as would raife a con- 
fiderable pecuniary fupply. This war of religion broke 
out in the year 15+6; and the papal troops, amounting 
fully to the number which Paul had dipulated to furnifti, 
commanded by Oftavio Farnefe, the pope’s grandfon, 
abided by able officers formed in the long wars between 
Charles and Francis, feafonably joined the imperial army. 
The tranfaftions of this war, till the confederacy of the 
Protedants was broken up, and almod all the members 
of it had been compelled to fubmit to the emperor, be¬ 
long to the hidory of Germany. 
No fooner was information brought to Paul of the ra¬ 
pid fuccefs of the imperial arms, than he began to recol- 
left the prudent and cautious maxims of the papal fee, 
with regard to the danger of extending the imperial au¬ 
thority beyond bounds, which in the tranfport of his zeal 
againft lierefy he had entirely forgotten. He now became 
alarmed for the impolicy of his conduft, in having con¬ 
tributed towards acquiring for Charles fuch an immenfe 
increafe of power, as would enable him, after oppreding 
the liberties of Germany, to give law with abfolute au¬ 
thority to all the dates of Italy. He refolved, therefore, 
to lofe no time in correfting his error; and, without giv¬ 
ing the emperorany warning of his intention, he ordered 
his grandfon to return indantly to Italy with all the 
troops under his command, while he recalled, at the fame 
time, the licence which he had granted for the appropri¬ 
ation of church-lands in Spain to Charles’s ufe. Of Paul’s 
treachery in thus abandoning him the emperor loudly 
complained, and to his complaintsT.e added threats and 
, expoftulations; but his holinefs remained inflexible, and 
his troops marched towards the ecclefiaflical date. In a 
memorial which the pope publiflied on this occafion, be- 
fides afligning various reafons to judify his conduft, he 
difcovered manifed fymptoms of alienation from the em¬ 
peror, together with a deep-rooted dread of his power. 
It urns not long before he began to confider him as an 
enemy, the weight of whofe power he mud foon feel, and 
againd whom he could not be too early in taking pre¬ 
cautions, He forefaw that, if the emperor acquired abfo¬ 
lute power in Germany, he would foon become mader of 
all the decifions of the council, fltould it continue to meet 
in Trent. For this reafon he determined to remove it to 
fomecity more immediately under his own jurifdiftion ; 
and an incident occurred which gave to this meafure the 
appearance of being neceflary. One or two of the fa¬ 
thers, together with fome of their domedics, happening 
to die fuddenly, their diforder was pronounced to be in¬ 
fectious and pedilential; upon which fome of the pre¬ 
lates withdrew from Trent panic-druck, and after a fliort 
confultation the council was tranflated to Bologna, in 
the year 154.7. This dep was warmly oppofed by the 
prelates in the imperial intered, mod of whom remained 
at Trent, by which means a fchifm commenced in that 
aflembly, the. fathers at Bologna and Trent refpeftively 
inveighing with acrimony againd each other. The em» 
Vcl. XIX. No, 131 a. 
U L. 
peror ufed all his intered to procure the return of the 
council to the latter place; but Paul invariably refufed 
the applications which were made to him on that head. 
By this time, drong fymptoms of difgud between the 
pope and the emperor were very difcernible; and an 
event foon happened, which produced an irreparable 
breach in their connexion. Peter Louis Farnefe, the 
pope’s fon, by the profligacy of his life, and by enormi¬ 
ties of every kind, equal to thole committed by the 
word tyrants who have difgraced human nature, had ren¬ 
dered himfelf fo odious to all clafles of his fubjefts, that 
it was thought that any violence whatever might be law¬ 
fully attempted againd him. In thefe circumdances, 
five noblemen of the greated didinftion in Placentia, 
with the privity of Gonzaga, the imperial governor of 
Milan, combined in a plan for aflaflinating him. They 
condufted their intrigues with fuch fecrecy, and difplayed 
fuch courage in the execution of their defign, that, at 
mid-day, one party of them furprifed the citadel of Pla¬ 
centia, where Farnefe refided, overpowered the guards, 
and murdered him; while others of their body made 
themfelves maders of the town. The exultation at the 
fuccefs of the confpiracy was general ; and all applauded 
the aftors in it, as the deliverers of their country. Be¬ 
fore the next morning, a body of troops from the Mila- 
nefe took pofleflion of the city in the emperor’s native, 
and redored the inhabitants to their ancient privileges. 
The ignominious death of a fon whom, notwithdanding 
his infamous vices, Paul loved with an excefs of parental 
tendernefs, overwhelmed him with the deeped affliction ; 
and the lofs of a city of fuch confequence as Placentia, 
greatly embittered his forrow. He accufed Gonzaga, in 
open confidory, of having committed a murder, in order 
to prepare the way for an unjud ufurpation ; and he im¬ 
mediately demanded fatisfaftion of the emperor for both 
injuries, by the punifhment of Gonzaga, and by the ref- 
titution of Placentia to his grandfon Oftavio. But 
Charles eluded all his demands, and determined to keep 
pofleflion of the city, together with its territories. 
While Paul felt the full force of the paflions which his 
lodes and the defire of vengeance excited in his mind, the 
Diet of Augfburg, by the emperor’s command, peti¬ 
tioned him, in the name of the Germanic body, that he 
would enjoin the prelates who had retired to Bologna, 
to return again to Trent, and to renew their deliberations 
in that place. But the pope, from the fatisfaftion which 
he felt in mortifying the emperor, as well as front his 
own averfion to what was requefted, without hefitation 
refolved that this petition fltould not be granted. He 
had the addrefs, however, to throw the refufal on the fa¬ 
thers at Bologna, to whom he referred the petition, who 
declared that the council could not return to Trent, con¬ 
fidently with its dignity, unlefs the prelates who re¬ 
mained there firft repaired to Bologna, and by joining 
their brethren, as well as fubmitting to the decrees 
which had been palled, difavowed their fchifmatical fpirit. 
Charles juftly confidered their reply as a full difcovery 
of the pope’s intentions, and proceeded to take the necef- 
fary fleps to prevent Paul from having it in his power to 
turn againft him the authority or fuch an aflembly. 
With this view, he fent two Spanifh lawyers to Bologna 
in January 154.8, who protefted before the papal legates, 
that the tranllation of the council to that place was 
founded on falfe pretexts, and that it was confequentiy 
an unlawful and fchifmatical conventicle; that all its 
decifions ought of courfe to be held null and invalid ; 
and that, fince the pope and his ecclellaftics had aban¬ 
doned the care of the church, the emperor would em¬ 
ploy the power which God had committed to him, to 
prevent thofe calamities with which it was threatened. 
A few days afterwards, the imperial ambaflador at Rome 
protefted to the fame purport, and in equally harfh terms, 
at an audience which he demanded of the pope, and 
in the prefence of all the cardinals, as well as foreign 
minifters. 
S M 
It 
